What is the proper cost method for inventories that are not ordinarily interchangeable and segregated for specific projects?

LKAS 2average cost formula. An entity shall use the same cost formula forall inventories having a similar nature and use to the entity. Forinventories with a different nature or use, different cost formulasmay be justified.26For example, inventories used in one operating segment may have a useto the entity different from the same type of inventories used in anotheroperating segment. However, a difference in geographical location ofinventories (or in the respective tax rules), by itself, is not sufficient tojustify the use of different cost formulas.27The FIFO formula assumes that the items of inventory that werepurchased or produced first are sold first, and consequently the itemsremaining in inventory at the end of the period are those most recentlypurchased or produced. Under the weighted average cost formula, thecost of each item is determined from the weighted average of the cost ofsimilar items at the beginning of a period and the cost of similar itemspurchased or produced during the period. The average may becalculated on a periodic basis, or as each additional shipment isreceived, depending upon the circumstances of the entity.Net realisable value28The cost of inventories may not be recoverable if those inventories aredamaged, if they have become wholly or partially obsolete, or if theirselling prices have declined. The cost of inventories may also not berecoverable if the estimated costs of completion or the estimated coststo be incurred to make the sale have increased. The practice of writinginventories down below cost to net realizable value is consistent withthe view that assets should not be carried in excess of amounts expectedto be realised from their sale or use.29Inventories are usually written down to net realisable value item byitem. In some circumstances, however, it may be appropriate to groupsimilar or related items. This may be the case with items of inventoryrelating to the same product line that have similar purposes or end uses,are produced and marketed in the same geographical area, and cannotbe practicably evaluated separately from other items in that productline. It is not appropriate to write inventories down on the basis of a

• IFRIC 20 Stripping Costs in the Production Phase of a Surface Mine
• SIC-1 Consistency - Different Cost Formulas for Inventories. SIC-1 was superseded by and incorporated into IAS 2 (Revised 2003).

The objective of IAS 2 is to prescribe the accounting treatment for inventories. It provides guidance for determining the cost of inventories and for subsequently recognising an expense, including any write-down to net realisable value. It also provides guidance on the cost formulas that are used to assign costs to inventories.

Inventories include assets held for sale in the ordinary course of business (finished goods), assets in the production process for sale in the ordinary course of business (work in process), and materials and supplies that are consumed in production (raw materials). [IAS 2.6]

However, IAS 2 excludes certain inventories from its scope: [IAS 2.2]

• work in process arising under construction contracts (see IAS 11 Construction Contracts)
• financial instruments (see IAS 39 Financial Instruments: Recognition and Measurement)
• biological assets related to agricultural activity and agricultural produce at the point of harvest (see IAS 41 Agriculture).

Also, while the following are within the scope of the standard, IAS 2 does not apply to the measurement of inventories held by: [IAS 2.3]

• producers of agricultural and forest products, agricultural produce after harvest, and minerals and mineral products, to the extent that they are measured at net realisable value (above or below cost) in accordance with well-established practices in those industries. When such inventories are measured at net realisable value, changes in that value are recognised in profit or loss in the period of the change
• commodity brokers and dealers who measure their inventories at fair value less costs to sell. When such inventories are measured at fair value less costs to sell, changes in fair value less costs to sell are recognised in profit or loss in the period of the change.

Inventories are required to be stated at the lower of cost and net realisable value (NRV). [IAS 2.9]

Cost should include all: [IAS 2.10]

• costs of purchase (including taxes, transport, and handling) net of trade discounts received
• costs of conversion (including fixed and variable manufacturing overheads) and
• other costs incurred in bringing the inventories to their present location and condition

IAS 23 Borrowing Costs identifies some limited circumstances where borrowing costs (interest) can be included in cost of inventories that meet the definition of a qualifying asset. [IAS 2.17 and IAS 23.4]

Inventory cost should not include: [IAS 2.16 and 2.18]

• abnormal waste
• storage costs
• administrative overheads unrelated to production
• selling costs
• foreign exchange differences arising directly on the recent acquisition of inventories invoiced in a foreign currency
• interest cost when inventories are purchased with deferred settlement terms.

The standard cost and retail methods may be used for the measurement of cost, provided that the results approximate actual cost. [IAS 2.21-22]

For inventory items that are not interchangeable, specific costs are attributed to the specific individual items of inventory. [IAS 2.23]

For items that are interchangeable, IAS 2 allows the FIFO or weighted average cost formulas. [IAS 2.25] The LIFO formula, which had been allowed prior to the 2003 revision of IAS 2, is no longer allowed.

The same cost formula should be used for all inventories with similar characteristics as to their nature and use to the entity. For groups of inventories that have different characteristics, different cost formulas may be justified. [IAS 2.25]

NRV is the estimated selling price in the ordinary course of business, less the estimated cost of completion and the estimated costs necessary to make the sale. [IAS 2.6] Any write-down to NRV should be recognised as an expense in the period in which the write-down occurs. Any reversal should be recognised in the income statement in the period in which the reversal occurs. [IAS 2.34]

IAS 18 Revenue addresses revenue recognition for the sale of goods. When inventories are sold and revenue is recognised, the carrying amount of those inventories is recognised as an expense (often called cost-of-goods-sold). Any write-down to NRV and any inventory losses are also recognised as an expense when they occur. [IAS 2.34]

Required disclosures: [IAS 2.36]

• accounting policy for inventories
• carrying amount, generally classified as merchandise, supplies, materials, work in progress, and finished goods. The classifications depend on what is appropriate for the entity
• carrying amount of any inventories carried at fair value less costs to sell
• amount of any write-down of inventories recognised as an expense in the period
• amount of any reversal of a write-down to NRV and the circumstances that led to such reversal
• carrying amount of inventories pledged as security for liabilities
• cost of inventories recognised as expense (cost of goods sold).

IAS 2 acknowledges that some enterprises classify income statement expenses by nature (materials, labour, and so on) rather than by function (cost of goods sold, selling expense, and so on). Accordingly, as an alternative to disclosing cost of goods sold expense, IAS 2 allows an entity to disclose operating costs recognised during the period by nature of the cost (raw materials and consumables, labour costs, other operating costs) and the amount of the net change in inventories for the period). [IAS 2.39] This is consistent with IAS 1 Presentation of Financial Statements, which allows presentation of expenses by function or nature.

What is the appropriate cost methods for goods which are not ordinarily interchangeable and segregated for specific projects?

Which inventory cost flow method is appropriate to use if the inventory items are not interchangeable?

In which inventory costing method is the cost of inventory determined by reducing the sales value of the inventory by the appropriate percentage gross margin?

What is the FIFO method?