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Flying tortoises
Questions 1-7: Reading Passage 1 has seven paragraphs, A-G. Choose the correct heading for each paragraph from the list of headings below.
1. Paragraph A
The first paragraph is about the inhospitable environment of the Galapagos Islands and explainsthat the islands were colonised by one or more tortoises from mainland South America. Thereis no heading about the environment. Colonise can be considered the same as populate. Moreover, the author claims This inhospitable environment is home to the giant Galapagostortoise. Hence, one or more tortoises from mainland South America populated the islands.Heading v is most appropriate for this paragraph. The answer is v.
Colonise = populate
Answer: v
2. Paragraph B
In paragraph B, the author mentioned what happened to the tortoises after human arrival, andthose are negative impacts for the tortoises such as taken on board these ships to act as foodsupplies, they [humans] hunted the tortoises and destroyed their habitat to clear land foragriculture, and so on. All of these can be considered as the disadvantage of tortoise
populations, while human arrival and settlers came to the islands can be seen asdevelopments. Therefore, the heading for this paragraph has to be heading iii Developmentsto the disadvantage of tortoise populations. The answer is iii.
Answer: iii.
3. Paragraph C
Paragraph C is about a tortoise-breeding centre with its captive-breeding programme. Workbegan on this programme in 1989 andis dedicated to protecting the islands tortoisepopulations. Hence, this programme was the starting-point for tortoise conservation. Headingviii The start of the conservation project is the most appropriate.
Start = begin
Programme = project
Protect tortoise populations = conservation
Answer: viii
4. Paragraph D
Paragraph D told us about an exact point about 5 years of age at which their size and weight and their hardened shells are sufficient to protect them from predators. And the author claims:But if people wait too long after that point, the tortoises eventually become too large totransport.. That means we need to find the perfect timing for captive-bred tortoises to be reintroduced into the wild. Hence, heading i The importance of getting the timing right is theanswer.
Answer: i.
5. Paragraph E
In this paragraph, the writer mentioned repatriation efforts, which refers to every endeavor tobring tortoises back to the islands. The author also tells us that at first, this work was done insmall numbers, but then it was decided to work out more ambitious reintroduction theybrought 300 of the breeding centres tortoises back to their islands by helicopter. It was a muchbigger number, based on a bigger idea. Therefore, heading iv Planning a bigger idea is the heading of this paragraph.
Note: You may be confused between heading iv and heading vii Looking for a home for theislands tortoises. However, this is repatriation, which means taking back to the place where they used to be, they are not looking for any other home. Hence, heading vii is inappropriate.
More ambitious = bigger
Answer: iv.
6. Paragraph F
The 3 remaining headings are:Carrying out a carefully prepared operation [keywords: carefully prepared, operation], Looking for a home for the islands tortoises [look for, home], and Young meets old [young, old, meet]. Paragraph F is about the preparation to use a helicopter to bring tortoises back to their islands. The author mentioned: During a period of three days, agroup of volunteers from the breeding centre worked around the clock to prepare the youngtortoises for transport. In addition, we are told that groups of volunteers spent some time on theislands before the tortoises arrived, clearing sites for the helicopter to land. There is no line aboutlooking for a home or young meets old. Therefore, heading vi Carrying out a carefullyprepared operation is the most suitable one for this paragraph.
Answer: vi.
7. Paragraph G
In the second sentence of this paragraph, the author mentioned Eventually, one tiny tortoise came across a fully grown giant who had been lumbering around the island for around a hundred years. One tiny tortoise refers to young while a fully grown giant means old about 100 years old, in fact. And came across means to meet by accident. Hence, Young meets old is the heading for this paragraph.
Come across = meet
Answer: ii
Questions 8-13: Complete the notes below. Choose ONE WORD ONLY from the passage for each answer.
8. 17th century: small numbers taken onto ships used by
Keywords: 17th century, small numbers, taken, ships
17th century is mentioned in the second sentence of paragraph B, so we have to pay attention tothis part From the 17th century onwards , pirates took a few on board for food. A fewrefers to small numbers and on board refers to on ships. We can paraphrase this sentencelike this From the 17th century onwards, small numbers were taken onto ships for food bypirates. Therefore, the answer is pirates.
A few = small numbers
Answer: pirates
Q9 + 10: 1790s: very large numbers taken onto whaling ships, kept for and also used to produce
Keywords: 1790s, large numbers, whaling ships, kept, to produce
The next part of paragraph B is about what happened after the arrival of whaling ships in the1790s. That is Relatively immobile and capable of surviving for months without food or water,the tortoises were taken on board these ships to act as food supplies during long oceanpassages.The tortoises were taken onto ships to act as food supplies. That means they werekept for food. The answer for question 9 is food.The author also mentioned Sometimes, their bodies were processed into high-grade oil.
processed into high-grade oil means used to produce high-grade oil. However, they allowone word only, so we have to choose the most important word oil as the answer forquestion 10.
Answer: 9. Food 10. oil
11. Hunted by on islands
Keywords: hunt, on islands
The author mentioned the word hunt later in paragraph B- They hunted the tortoises anddestroyed their habitat to clear land for agriculture. We have to look at the previous sentences tofind out who they refers to. In total, an estimated 200,000 animals were taken from thearchipelago before the 20th century. This historical exploitation was then exacerbated whensettlers came to the islands. Obviously, theyare settlerswho came to the islands. Therefore,settlers is the answer.
Answer: settlers
Q 12 + 13. Habitat destruction: for the establishment of agriculture and by various notnative to the islands, which also fed on baby tortoises and tortoises
Keywords: Habitat destruction, not native, fed on, tortoises
They not only hunted tortoises and destroyed their habitat to clear land for agriculture, butsettlers also introduced alien species ranging from cattle, pigs, goats, rats and dogs to plantsand ants that either prey on the eggs and young tortoises or damage or destroy their habitat.[the last sentence of paragraph C]. The wordalien means coming from a different country,race, or group, which is the same as not native to the islands. The author referred to thosealien species that damage or destroy their habitat, which means the same as habitatdestruction. The answer for question 12 is species. Those species also prey on eggs and
young tortoises. Prey on means feed on, and young tortoises refers to baby tortoises..Hence, what remains is tortoises eggs. The answer is eggs.
Alien = not native
Destruction = damage or destroy
Answer: 12. Species 13. eggs
CAMBRIDGE IELTS 12 TEST 7 PASSAGE 1 KEYWORDS
Passage 2: The Intersection of Health Sciences and Geography
Questions 14-19: Reading Passage 2 has eight sections, A-H. Which paragraph contains the following information?
14. An acceptance that not all diseases can be totally eliminated
Keywords: acceptance, not all diseases, totally eliminated.
In paragraph D, the author mentioned some information about health geography and diseases: It is an increasingly important area of study in a world where diseases like polio are re-emerging, respiratory diseases continue to spread, and malaria-prone areas are still fighting to find a better cure. The words continue to spread and still fighting to find a better cure mean that humans cannot control the above-mentioned diseases and still need a better cure for them, which is the same as they are not totally eliminated. Later in the paragraph, we find a key statement : people will always be prone to illness Therefore, the answer is D. Illness = diseases
Answer: D.
15. Examples of physical conditions caused by human behavior.
Keywords: examples, physical conditions, human behavior.
In paragraph C, the author gives some examples. The human behavior referred to includes: the massive number of cars being driven, and the cutting down of forests. The physical conditions which have resulted in large cities are smog and pollution that cause asthma, lung problems, eyesight issues and more.
Answer: C.
16. A reference to classifying diseases on the basis of how far they extend geographically
Keywords: reference, classify diseases, basis, extend, geographically
In paragraph F, the author mentioned a way of categorising illnesses and diseases. Categorise is the same as classify, which means to divide diseases into groups according to their type. Therefore, we have to pay attention to this part of the text: work to create a clear way of categorising illnesses, diseases and epidemics into local and global scales. Health geographers can map the spread of illnesses and attempt to identify the reasons behind an increase or decrease in illnesses. Categorisinginto local and global scales can be understood as how far the extend geographically. Hence, the information in paragraph F matches the statement.
Classify = categorise
Spread = extend
Answer: F.
17. Reasons why the level of access to healthcare can vary within a country
Keywords: reasons, level of access to healthcare, vary, within a country
In paragraph G, the writer mentioned a very large discrepancy between the options available to people. A very large discrepancy is the same as vary and options available to people can be seen as level of access. In the previous sentence, the author was talking about the availability or the lack of healthcare provision, so we can understand they are level of access to healthcare. And the author named some reasons for this large discrepancy different social classes, income brackets, and levels of education. Therefore, paragraph G contains information in the statement. The answer is G.
Vary = a very lagre discrepancy
Options available to people = level of access
Answer: G.
18. A description of health geography as a mixture of different academic fields
Keywords: health geography, mixture, academic fields
In the second sentence of paragraph D, the author claimed Health geography is the combination of, on the one hand, knowledge regarding geography and methods used to analyse and interpret geographical information, and on the other, the study of health, diseases and healthcare practices around the world. Combination is the same as a mixture. It is a mixture of knowledge regarding geography, methods used to analyse and interpret geographical information, and the study of health, diseases and healthcare practices. Those can be considered as different academic fields which, when combined, make a hybrid science [= a science which is the product of mixing different disciplines] Therefore, the answer is D.
Mixture = combination
Answer: D.
19. A description of the type of area where a particular illness is rare
Keywords: type of area, a particular illness, rare
In paragraph B, the author claimed depending on where you live, you will not have the same health concerns as someone who lives in a different geographical region and gave an example of a particular illness [malaria] in different regions. In tropical regions, malaria is widespread. However, in high-altitude deserts, this disease is much less of a problem. High-altitude deserts is a type of area, and much less of a problem means it is very unusual, or we can consider it as rare. The answer is B.
Answer: B.
Questions 20-26: Complete the sentences below. Choose ONE WORD ONLY from the passage for each answer.
20. Certain diseases have disappeared, thanks to better and healthcare
Keywords: certain disease, disappeared, thanks to, better, healthcare
In the first sentence of the first paragraph, the author wrote: many diseases that affect humans have been eradicated due to improvements in vaccinations and the availability of healthcare. diseases have been eradicated means people are able to get rid of those diseases completely, or we can say that those diseases have disappeared completely. Due to is the same as thanks to, and improvements refers to something better. In this sentence, the author mentioned 2 things vaccinations and the availability of healthcare. Healthcare is mentioned in the statement already, therefore, what we are looking for is vaccinations. The answer is vaccinations.
Eradicate = disappear
Improvements = better
Answer: vaccinations
21. Because there is more contact between people, are losing their usefulness.
Keywords: contact between people, lose, usefulness
In the next sentences of the first paragraph, the author mentioned contact between people In a world that is far more globalised than ever before, people come into contact with one another through travel and living closer and closer to each other. As a result, super-viruses and other infections resistant to antibiotics are becoming more and more common. The first sentence let us know that there is more contact between people [more globalized, come into contact with one another, closer and closer], and the second one showed its consequence [as a result] that is super-viruses and other infections resistant to antibiotics are becoming more and more common. Resistant to antibiotics means antibiotics are not useful to combat those superviruses and other infections. They are losing their usefulness since those super-viruses are becoming more common. Therefore, the answer is antibiotics.
Answer: antibiotics
22. Disease-causing are most likely to be found in hot, damp regions.
Keywords: disease causing, most likely, found, hot, damp regions.
This gap needs a noun, something or someone that can cause diseases. In the paragraph about the disease called malaria [paragraph B], the author mentioned tropical regions that foster a warm and damp environment in which the mosquitos that can give people this disease can grow. So, the writer tell us that mosquitos that can cause malaria to spread in a warm and damp environment. Therefore, what we have to find out here is mosquitos. The answer is mosquitos.
Answer: mosquitos
23. One cause of pollution is that burn a particular fuel.
Keywords: cause of pollution, burn, particular fuel
In paragraph C, the author named some causes of pollution. They are the massive number of cars being driven , factories that run on coal power, and the rapid industrialisation of some countries. Among them causes, factories is the word that relates to run on coal power, which means burns a particular fuel [coal to be more specific]. Therefore, the answer is factories.
Answer: factories.
24. The growth of cities often has an impact on nearby
Keywords: the growth of cities, impact, nearby
In the last sentence of paragraph C, the author explained why the rapid industrialization of some countries can cause pollution. The rapid industrialisation of some countries in recent years has also led to the cutting down of forests to allow for the expansion of big cities, which makes it even harder to fight the pollution with the fresh air that is produced by plants. The expansion of big cities can be seen as the growth of cities. To make way for the growth of cities, they have to cut down forests. We can say it has an impact on nearby forests. The answer is forests.
Growth = expansion
Answer: forests.
25.is one disease that is growing after having been eradicated.
Keywords: one disease, grow, after eradicated.
We need to find out the most appropriate disease, one which is growing. In paragraph D, the author mentioned some diseases that need a better cure. One of them is polio which is reemerging. Emerge means to to appear, and re is a prefix used with the meaning again. We can understand that polio is a disease that can appear again [after being treated or eradicated]. Therefore, the answer is polio.
Answer: polio.
26. A physical barrier such as a can prevent people from reaching a hospital.
Keywords: physical barrier, prevent, reach a hospital
The word needed is after an article and stands in front of a verb. Therefore, it has to be a noun. Hospital is mentioned once in the passage in paragraph G,in which the author took an example of peoples attempt to assess the levels of healthcare. The writer states: it may be very difficult for people to get medical attention because there is a mountain between their village and the nearest hospital. What prevents people from getting to their nearest hospital is a mountain [a physical barrier]. Therefore, the noun were looking for is mountain.
Answer: mountain.
CAMBRIDGE IELTS 12 TEST 7 PASSAGE 2 KEYWORDS
Passage 3: Music and the emotions
Questions 27-31: Complete the summary below. Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each answer.
Q 27 + 28. It was noted that the music stimulated the brains neurons to release a substance called . in two of the parts of the brain which are associated with feeling .
Keywords: music, stimulate, brains neurons, release, substance, two of the parts of the brain, associated, feeling
In the last sentences of the second paragraph, the author wrote The first thing they discovered is that music triggers the production of dopamine a chemical with a key role in setting peoples moods by the neurons [nerve cells] in both the dorsal and ventral regions of the brain. As these two regions have long been linked with the experience of pleasure, this finding isnt particularly surprising. Trigger means to cause something to start and can be considered as stimulate. It is said that music stimulates the production of a chemical called dopamine. A chemical is the same as a substance and production is the same as release. Therefore, dopamine is what were looking for in question 27. After that, the author mentioned two regions of the brain and claimed they have long been linked with the experience of pleasure. Linked refers to associated [to be connected], and feeling means experience. Hence, the answer for question 28 is pleasure.
stimulate = trigger
substance = chemical
associated = linked
parts = regions
Answer: 27. dopamine 28. pleasure
Q29 + 30. Researchers also observed that the neurons in the area of the brain called the were particularly active just before the participants favourite moments in the music the period known as the
Keywords: observe, neurons, area of the brain, active, before, favourite moments
In the first sentence of the third paragraph, the author claimed that the dopamine neurons in the caudate a region of the brain involved in learning stimulus-response associations, and in anticipating food and other reward stimuli were at their most active around 15 seconds before the participants favourite moments in the music. The phrase: at their most active is the same as particularly active and region means area of the brain, so it is clear that such a region refers to the caudate. Therefore, the answer for question 29 is caudate. In the following sentence, it is said that The researchers call this the anticipatory phase . Here, this refers to the observation made by researchers concerning the participants favourite music. The period at which something happens is a stage or a phase. Hence, the answer for question 30 should be anticipatory phase.
particularly active = at their most active
area = region
Answer: 29. caudate 30. anticipatory phase
31. Activity in this part of the brain is associated with the expectation of reward stimuli such as
Keywords: activity, this part of the brain, associated with, expectation, reward stimuli
Also in the first sentence of the third paragraph, the author described the caudate as a region of the brain involved in learning stimulus-response associations, and in anticipating food and other reward stimuli. Thus, involved in means associated with and anticipate means to look forward to, which is the same as expect. Therefore, it can be understood that the reward stimuli expected by the caudate should include food as the example given in the passage. The word to fill in the blank is food. to be involved in = to be associated with
anticipate = expect
Answer: 31. Food
Questions 32-36: Choose the correct letter, A, B, C or D.
32. What point does the writer emphasise in the first paragraph?
A how dramatically our reactions to music can vary
B how intense our physical responses to music can be
C how little we know about the way that music affects us
D how much music can tell us about how our brains operate
Keywords: point, emphasise, first paragraph
Looking at the first paragraph, it is claimed that sound stirs us at our biological roots, meaning that music can affect the listeners in a biological way. To demonstrate this, the author gave examples of some physical reactions that we may have when listening to our favourite music: The pupils in our eyes dilate, our pulse and blood pressure rise, the electrical conductance of our skin is lowered, and the cerebellum, a brain region associated with bodily movement, becomes strangely active. Blood is even re-directed to the muscles in our legs. These are all big or intense physical changes that occur in our bodies when we listen to music. Therefore, the answer is B how intense our physical responses to music can be.
Answer: B
33. What view of the Montreal study does the writer express in the second paragraph?
A Its aims were innovative.
B The approach was too simplistic.
C It produced some remarkably precise data.
D The technology used was unnecessarily complex.
Keywords: view, Montreal study, second paragraph
In the second paragraph, the author mentioned Although the study involves plenty of fancy technology, including functional magnetic resonance imaging [fMRI] and ligand-based positron emission tomography [PET] scanning, the experiment itself was rather straightforward. The term: fancy technology may mean the same as complex technology, but there is no information about whether it was unnecessary or not, so D cannot be the correct answer. Neither is B, because the author mentioned that the experiment itself was rather straightforward, not too simplistic. Further in the paragraph, it is stated that scientists were able to obtain an impressively exact and detailed portrait of music in the brain. So, exact means precise and impressively means remarkably, so this information suggests that the Montreal study produced remarkably precise data. Hence, the answer is C.
exact = precise
impressively = remarkably
Answer: C
34. What does the writer find interesting about the results of the Montreal study?
A the timing of participants neural responses to the music
B the impact of the music on participants emotional state
C the section of participants brains which was activated by the music
D the type of music which had the strongest effect on participants brains
Keywords: interesting, results, Montreal study
Because the questions follow the order of the text, and we already know the position of the answer to question 33 [in the second paragraph], just pay attention to the following sections. In the beginning of the third paragraph, it is said that What is rather more significant is the finding that the dopamine neurons in the caudate were at their most active around 15 seconds before the participants favourite moments in the music. The fact that the caudate was particularly active before the musical climax can be considered the timing of participants neural responses. This observation was followed by the authors question: The question, of course, is what all these dopamine neurons are up to. Why are they so active in the period preceding the acoustic climax? So, it can be inferred that the timing of this response of the neurons in the brain really caught his attention. In other words, he found it interesting. Hence, the correct answer is A.
Answer: A
35. Why does the writer refer to Meyers work on music and emotion?
A to propose an original theory about the subject
B to offer support for the findings of the Montreal study
C to recommend the need for further research into the subject
D to present a view which opposes that of the Montreal researchers
Keywords: Meyers work, music and emotion
By using the skim and scan skill, we can easily locate the word Meyer in the fifth paragraph. The first sentence mentioned To demonstrate this psychological principle, the musicologist Leonard Meyer, in his classic book Emotion and Meaning in Music [1956], analysed the 5th movement of Beethovens String Quartet in C-sharp minor, Op. 131. Hence, to understand what this psychological principle refers to, we need to read the previous paragraph. The fourth paragraph explains the findings of the Montreal study, in which the participants caudate neurons were at their most active a few moments before the climax of the music: it turns out that the most important part of every song or symphony is when the patterns break down, when the sound becomes unpredictable. If the music is too obvious, it is annoyingly boring, like an alarm clock. Numerous studies, after all, have demonstrated that dopamine neurons quickly adapt to predictable rewards. If we know whats going to happen next, then we dont get excited. Meyer is a musicologist and his analysis of the music offers an explanation of why the brain is responding in this reward principle, way. Therefore, it can be inferred that the author mentioned Meyers book to support the Montreal study.The answer is B.
Answer: B
36. According to Leonard Meyer, what causes the listeners emotional response to music?
A the way that the music evokes poignant memories in the listener
B the associtiation of certain musical chords with certain feelings
C the listeners sympathy with the composers intentions
D the internal structure of the musical composition
Keywords: according, Leonard Meyer, causes, emotional response
In the last paragraph, it is stated that According to Meyer, it is the suspenseful tension of music, arising out of our unfulfilled expectations, that is the source of the musics feeling. The author then explained in more detail: Meyer argued that the emotions we find in music come from the unfolding events of the music itself. So, emotional response is not connected to A or C the listeners memories or sympathies. This embodied meaning arises from the patterns the symphony invokes and then ignores. The unfolding events and the patterns the symphony invokes and then ignores both imply the unpredictable part of any musical piece which is considered to be the most appealing. It is this part that makes the listeners want more and wait for more, therefore fully enjoy and be in sync with the music. Hence, when Meyer refers to the music itself and the patterns of the music, it can be understood that the internal structure is responsible for the listeners feelings attached to a musical composition.
Answer: D
Questions 37-40: Complete each sentence with the correct ending, A-F, below.
37. The Montreal researchers discovered that
Keywords: Montreal researchers, discover
From question 34, we already know that in the Montreal study, scientists found that the caudate neurons were at their most active around 15 seconds before the participants favourite moments in the music. The word: before is the same as prior, and the participants favourite moments can be considered as key points in the music. In addition, the fact that neurons were at their most active means that the level of neural activity had increased before those key points. Therefore, the answer should be F neuron activity increases prior to key points in a musical piece.
prior = before
Answer: F
38. Many studies have demonstrated that
Keywords: studies, demonstrate
The author mentioned in the fourth paragraph that Numerous studies, after all, have demonstrated that dopamine neurons quickly adapt to predictable rewards. If we know whats going to happen next, then we dont get excited. The word: numerous means many. The two sentences suggests that if we can predict whats going to happen next, which means that the outcomes become predictable, then our brains do not get excited because dopamine neurons have already become familiar with, or adapted to, those outcomes, leading to decreasing neuron activity. Hence, the answer is B neuron activity decreases if outcomes become predictable.
numerous = many
Answer: B
39. Meyers analysis of Beethovens music shows that
Keywords: Meyer, analysis,
Beethovens music It is mentioned in the fifth paragraph that Meyer dissected 50 measures [bars] of the masterpiece, showing how Beethoven begins with the clear statement of a rhythmic and harmonic pattern and then, in an ingenious tonal dance, carefully holds off repeating it. To dissect means to analyze and interpret minutely, so Meyers work can be considered an analysis of Beethovens composition. This analysis shows that the musician held off, or delayed, the patterns that he had previously put in the beginning of the musical piece. Such delay keeps us listening, waiting expectantly for our reward, for the pattern to be completed. This has the same meaning as emotive music delays giving listeners what they expect to hear. Thus, the answer has to be E.
Answer: E
40. Earlier theories of music suggested that
Keywords: earlier, theories
It is mentioned in the last paragraph that earlier theories of music focused on the way a sound can refer to the real world of images and experiences. Therefore, real is the same as actual, images means pictures and experiences can be understood as events, so this information can be paraphrased into earlier theories of music suggested that a sound can refer to actual pictures and events. Hence, the appropriate answer is C emotive music can bring to mind actual pictures and events.
real = actual
images = pictures
experiences = events
Answer: C
CAMBRIDGE IELTS 12 TEST 7 PASSAGE 3 KEYWORDS
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