Legal context là gì

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Business law 4: Key expressions

Complete definitions 1 30 with the first part of an appropriate expression from the first box, and the second part from the second box

1. An official power giving someone the right to act on someone elses behalf in legal matters is called
2. The protecting of information about individuals stored in a computer from being copied or usedwrongly is called_____________ .

1. ____________ is a phrase spoken or written in a letter when attempting to negotiate a settlement which means that the negotiations cannot be referred to in court or relied upon by the other party if discussions fail.

1. A_____________ is a business partnership where two or more companies join together as partners for a limited period.

1. ____________ is an expression of French origin that is used for something which happens which is out of control of the parties who have signed a contract [for example, a war or a storm], and is also known as an act of God.

1. A_____________ refers to the various steps an employee takes if he / she wants to complain about his /her employers.

1. ____________ are the contents of a document which regulate the way in which a companys affairs [such as the appointment of directors or the rights of shareholders] are managed.

1. A section in a companys [number 7 above] which requires any shares offered for sale to be first offered to existing shareholders is known as a_____________ .

1. When a company is put into liquidation, this is often known as .
2. The legal responsibility of an employer when employees are subject to accidents due to negligence on the part of an employer is called_____________ .

1. The legal responsibility of one person for the actions of another person, especially the responsibility of an employer for acts committed by an employee in the course of work, is called________________________________________________________________________ .

1. A_____________ company is a company where each shareholder is responsible for paying the companys debts only to the face value of the shares he / she owns.

1. A____________ is a legal document setting up a limited company and giving details of its aims, capital structure, and registered office.

14. A____________ is a document showing that a company has repaid a mortgage or charge.

15. A situation where two or more parties share a single legal responsibility, and each party is also liable for the whole claim, is called_____________ liability.

16. When a dispute between two parties is settled before it gets to court, it is known as an ______settlement.

17. When an overseas company [or an individual] cannot access its assets because a court order prevents it from doing so, this is known as a______________ .

18. ____________ are compensatory payments which are not for a fixed amount of money but are awarded by a court as a matter of discretion depending on the case.

19. The duty to prove that something which has been alleged in court is true is known as the ____

20. Behaviour which is not suitable for a professional person and goes against the code of practice of a profession is called____________ .

21. Facts which are secret and must not be passed on to other people are called _____

22. A body responsible for hearing work-related complaints as specified by statute is called an______

23. An__________ is a legally-binding rule that is imposed on the recipient of private or secret information which states that the recipient should not pass the information on to someone else.

24. The name, design or other feature which identifies a commercial product, has been registered by the maker and cannot be used by other makers is called a registered__________________________________________________________________ .

25. ____________ is something such as a copyright, patent or design which someone has created or produced that no-one else can legally copy, use or sell.

26.The conditions which have to be carried out as part of a contract, or arrangements which have to be made before a contract is valid, are called_____________ .

27. The removal of someone from a job for a reason that cannot be justified, and which is in breach of contract, is called______________ .

28. ____________ is an attempt by one company to do better than another company by using methods such as importing foreign products at very low prices or by wrongly criticising a competitors products.

29. A failure to carry out an essential or basic term of a contract is known as a _____

30._____ is when a court orders a company to close and its assets to be sold.

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Business law 3: Key verbs

Business law 3: Key verbs

Complete the crossword on page 8 by rearranging the jumbled letters in bold in the sentences below and writing the words and expressions in the appropriate space on the crossword grid. An explanation of each verb is in brackets at the end of each sentence. Be careful, as many of the words will need to change their form [for example, to the past simple or past perfect] to fit correctly in the sentence and into the crossword.

Across:

1. The airline will dineynifm passengers for lost luggage to the value of £500. [to pay for loss or damage suffered]
2. The company ernudketa to provide quality service at a competitive cost. [to promise to do something]

10. The tribunal will udditecaja the claim and award damages where necessary. [to give a judgement between two parties]

12.In order to raise enough money for its new venture, the company decided to diqielatu some of its assets. [to sell assets or stock to raise cash]

14. All of our employees are tielent to four weeks holiday a year. [to have or give someone the right to do something]

15. A neutral party was called in to tedaime between the manager and his staff. [to try to make two sides in an argument come to an agreement]

17. The contract is still being frtad, but we expect it to be ready for signing early next week. [to make a first rough plan of a document such as a contract]

19. A lot of people were unhappy when he was paintpo to the post of Managing Director. [to choose someone for a job]

20. We must allow sufficient time to sepela before we make a claim. [of time: to pass]

21. The company has been accused of trying to efrudad customers [to trick someone so as to obtain money or goods illegally]

26. The paper has no right to clodseis the details of our agreement. [to tell details]

28. A court injunction has nab the company from trading in the area. [to forbid something, or make it illegal]

29. Because a new company has taken over, the contract has been dvaatineli. [to make something no longer valid]

31 In view of the inconvenience we have caused, we are willing to vawei all payments due. [to say that something is not necessary]

32.The local authority gatnr the company an interest-free loan to start up the new factory. [to agree to give someone something, or to allow someone to do something]

Down:

1. The plan has to be fatyir by the board before it can be put into operation. [to approve officially something that has already been decided]
2. After he was accused of insider dealing, his firm was clabstkli by the government. [to put goods, people or a company on a list of those that you will not deal with]

5. Penalties will be applied if you fdaetul on your repayments. [to fail to carry out the terms of a contract, especially to fail to pay back a debt]

6. When the company was unable to repay the loan, the bank clefeosor on its premises. [to take possession of a property because the owner cannot repay money he / she has borrowed using the property as security]

7.The case might last longer than we expected, because the defendant is uditeps the claim. [to argue against something; to say that something is not correct]

8. The judge dwraa compensatory damages to the claimant. [to decide the amount of money to be given to someone]

9. The company assured us it would do all the work itself, but it accobnsutrt part of the job to a local firm. [to agree with a company that they will do all or part of the work for a project]

11.The court was unable to decide whether the patent had been gfriinen. [to make a product in the same way as another product which has been patented, and not pay royalties]

13. The document has been fcrieyt as a true copy. [to make an official declaration in writing]

16.Non-profit organisations will be petmex from tax. [to free someone from having to pay tax]

18. The court ordered the company to be ndwi pu [2 words]. [to put a company into liquidation]

19. The claimant gaelle that the article was an infringement of his copyright. [to state, usually in giving evidence, that something has happened or is true]

22. The company did not biead yb [2 words] the terms of the agreement. [to accept a rule or follow a custom]

23. On liquidation, the firms property was stev in the bank. [to transfer to someone the legal ownership and possession of land or a right]

24.We are mical £5,000 as compensation from our suppliers. [to ask for money]

25. Mr and Mrs Douglas solicitor advised them to ekse an injunction against the magazine in the High Court. [to ask for or try to do something]

27. Workers are allowed to tkesri in protest against bad working conditions. [to stop working because there is no agreement with management]

30. The company owns several apartments, which it tel to private tenants. [to allow someone to use a building in return for money]

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Check your Vocabulary for Law [Rawdon Wyatt]

Business law 2: Key nouns

Look at the dictionary definitions below, decide what each one is describing, then write your answers in the table on the next page. The first and last letters of each word have already been put into the table for you.

If you complete the table correctly, you will reveal a word in the shaded vertical strip that can be used to complete the sentence in the box at the bottom of the next page.

1. A person who is appointed to deal with financial or other matters on behalf of another
2. A licence to trade using a brand name and paying a royalty for it.
3. An official who investigates complaints by the public against government departments or other large organisations [especially banks, travel companies, and electricity, gas, water and telecommunications providers].
4. Somebody who gives a guarantee.
5. A failure to carry out the terms of an agreement, a contract, etc.
6. One of the main conditions of a contract, where one party agrees to what is proposed by the other party. Also the act of signing a bill of exchange to show that you agree to pay for it.
7. The notifiable offence of telling lies when you have made an oath to say what is true in court.
8. Somebody who has committed a civil wrong to somebody, entitling the victim to claim damages.
9. A payment made by a person or company to cover the cost of damage or hardship which he / she / it has caused.
10. An attempt by a third party to make the two sides in an argument agree.
11. A document in which a company acknowledges it owes a debt and gives the companys assets as security.
12. The closing of a company and the selling of its assets.
13. Money claimed by a claimant from a defendant because of harm or damage done, or money awarded by a court to a claimant as a result of harm suffered by the claimant [Clue: this word has already appeared elsewhere in this exercise].
14. The legal responsibility for paying someone for loss or damage incurred.
15. A failure to give proper care to something, especially a duty or responsibility, with the result that a person or property is harmed.
16. The good reputation of a business and its contacts with its customers [for example, the name of the product it sells or its popular appeal to customers].
17. A court order telling a person or a company to stop doing something, or telling them not to do it in the first place.

Use the word in the shaded vertical strip to complete this paragraph.

The company promised us that they would send us the goods by March 31st, but since then we have discovered that they knew they couldnt get them to us until the end of May. We lost a lot of money as a result, so we are going to sue them for_________

Familiarise yourself with the words in this exercise by using them in some of your own sentences. Dont forget to record any new words and expressions you learn [there is a vocabulary record sheet on page 64 which you can photocopy as many times as you like and use to build your own vocabulary bank].

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Check your Vocabulary for Law [Rawdon Wyatt] -Third Edition, Check your Vocabulary for Law [Rawdon Wyatt] -Third Edition .doc

Introduction

This book has been written for anyone working or training to work in the legal profession, or for anyone whose job requires them to have a working knowledge of legal words and terms. The various exercises throughout the book focus on the key vocabulary that you might be expected to understand and use on a day-to-day basis.

You should not go through the exercises in this book mechanically. It is better to choose areas that you are unfamiliar with, or areas that you feel are of specific interest or importance to yourself.

Each exercise is accompanied by a full answer key at the back of the book. This key also gives you other information about particular vocabulary items [for example, words with similar meanings, alternative words and expressions, etc] that are not covered in the exercises themselves.

When you are doing the exercises, there are a few important points you should consider:

1. Many of the words, expressions and accompanying notes are based primarily on the English and Welsh legal system. However, there are also many generic words which can be applied across the international legal spectrum, and would be recognised in other places such as the USA and Canada.
2. Not all of the vocabulary practised in this book is legal vocabulary per se [see page 45 to find out what this expression means], but would be used in a legal context [for example, at a trial or tribunal, or when producing a contract or negotiating business terms].
3. A lot of the words and expressions which have been presented here in a particular context [for example, words connected with a criminal law procedure] might also cross over into other areas of law. A jury, for example, is usually employed at a criminal trial, but might also be used in some civil cases, such as libel.

It is very important to keep a record of new words and expressions that you learn. On page 64 of this book, you will find a vocabulary record sheet which you can photocopy as many times as you like and use to build up a bank of useful words and expressions. It is accompanied on the following page by a sample sheet that shows you how to record a particular vocabulary item. Keep your record sheets in a file or folder and review them on a regular basis so that the words and expressions become an active part of your legal vocabulary.

We recommend that you keep a good dictionary with you, and refer to it when necessary. Many of the words and expressions in this book [together with their definitions] can be found in the A & C Dictionary of Law. For general vocabulary reference, the Macmillan English Dictionary is also an excellent resource.

No vocabulary book can possibly contain all of the legal words and expressions that you are likely to come across or need, so it is important you acquire new vocabulary from other sources. On the next page you will find a short list of useful sources that were consulted during the writing of this book, and you should also read as much as possible from a variety of other sources, including journals, papers and case reports [many of which are available on the Internet].

Before you begin: Essential words

The words in this exercise are used a lot in the legal profession, and appear at various stages throughout this book, so it is important you understand what they mean before you do any of the other exercises. Match the definitions on the left with the words on the right. Note that [a] there are more words than definitions, and [b] many of the words on the right can have more than one meaning, but only one of those meanings is in the column on the left. Note that many of the words and accompanying expressions in this exercise [and in the following exercises on business law] are not exclusive to business law, but may also be applied to other legal and general areas.

Business law 1: Key adjectives

Exercise 1: Look at these sentences and decide if the word in bold is being used correctly in the context of the sentence [there is an explanation of the word that should be used in brackets at the end of the sentence]. If you think the word is wrong, look for the correct word. You will find this in one of the other sentences.

1. When pieces of broken glass were found in some of its food products, the company was held eligible. [responsible for what had happened]
2. When he was asked to explain his actions, he had no valid [being acceptable because it is true or relevant]
3. The sacked workers claimed unfair dismissal, and demanded a fair and intangible [not biased or prejudiced]
4. Goodwill is one of a companys admissible assets, and as such it cannot be declared as part of the companys capital. [difficult to value as it does not exist physically]
5. He was accused of trying to obtain a fiduciary advantage by getting involved in insider dealing. [financial]
6. At the trial, the judge took the unprecedented step of asking the claimant to remove his shirt. [not having happened before]
7. The company solicitor examined the contract very carefully, and eventually declared it irreconcilable. [not having any legal effect]
8. The documents produced were not considered relevant to the case and were therefore not unanimous. [referring to evidence which a court will allow to be used]
9. The magazine was acquitted of libel when the jury returned a gross verdict of not guilty. [where everyone votes in the same way]
10. All shareholders are accountable to vote at the Annual General Meeting. [able or allowed to do something]
11. The judge accepted that Mr Johnson could not go back to work in the same company because of void differences of opinion between him and the Directors. [very strong, so that it is not possible for two sides to reach an agreement]
12. The rail company was accused of impartial negligence by failing to ensure passengers safety. [serious]
13. Interest charges are tax deductible so we havent made as much as we had hoped. [able to be removed]
14. After a terrible year, during which it lost almost £8 million, the company was declared insolvent. [not able to pay debts]
15. A company director has a pecuniary duty to the company he works for and the people who work there. [acting as trustee for someone else, or being in a position of trust]

1. So many complaints about the companys behaviour were reported that a manda.injunction was imposed ordering them to cease trading. [obligatory or necessary according to the law or rules]

1. Some special savings accounts are popular with small businesses because the interest paid is ex__from tax. [not required to pay, or not covered by law]

1. The terms of the contract are nego_____ up to the moment it is signed. [able to be changed bydiscussion]

1. The claimant produced a verb_____ transcript of the conversation he had had with the defendant.[in the exact words]

1. On the claimants application for summary judgement, the defendant was given uncon__ leave to defend himself. [with no conditions attached]

1. The company was accused of making a frau______ insurance claim by exaggerating the value of thegoods it had lost. [not honest, aiming to deceive people for financial gain]

1. Technically we can sue the company for breach of contract, although this is not really a fea__option. [possible or practical]

1. New legislation has made Clause 6b of the contract redu_______ . [no longer needed or valid]
2. Hab____ breaches of safety regulations are being investigated by the Health and Safety Officer.[doing something repeatedly]

1. When he bought the company, it was barely sol______ but he turned it into one of the mostsuccessful organisations in the country. [having enough money to pay debts]

1. The lawsuit against the organisation was dropped because there was not enough mat_evidence. [important or relevant]

1. We were expecting to receive a big fine, but in the event we were ordered to pay only nom__damages. [a very small amount]

1. The issues of corp____ responsibility at local, national and international levels have been receiving a lot of coverage in the press. [referring to a company]

1. The contract is open-_____ although there is an initial probationary period. [with no fixed period, orwith some items not specified]

1. Be careful what you say: some companies are extremely liti_____ . [very willing to bring a lawsuit against someone to settle a disagreement]

A.PRE-TEXT EXERCISES.

Exercise 1. Trước khi đọc bài Rule of law hãy:

1. Think about the subject.

• Nhớ lại khái niệm pháp trị và chuẩn bị một đoạn văn ngắn nêu quan điểm của mình về pháp trị.
• Trình bày quan niệm của minh trước lớp và trao đổi với mọi người về khái niệm pháp trị.

1. Predict:

• Tác giả của bài Rule of Law có cùng quan điểm với bạn vế pháp trị không?
• Quan điểm pháp trị trong bài Rule of Law có điểm gì chung với quan điểm của các nhà khoa học Việt Nam?

Exercise 2:

Exercise 3. Hãy tìm trong số các từ trong hai bảng dưới đây những từ đồng nghĩa. Dùng những từ đồng nghĩa này để thay thế những từ in nghiêng trong các câu tiếng Anh cho ở phần dưới. [Lưu ý. Các từ đổng nghĩa trên đây chỉ đúng trong văn cảnh khái quát]

[1] The rule of law is a conservative idea because it relies on precedent and existing rules to legitimate official decision-making machinery.

[2] Judges must be very impartial in rendering decisions over the cases brought into their adjudication.

[3] The report of the investigator describes the facts of the accused murder.

[4] Murder is regarded as the most cruel crime.

[5] Experts must give objective conclusions to assist judges in deciding cases.

[6] He admitted the fact of shop-lifting.

Exercise 4. Hãy viết 10 câu tiếng Việt về khái niệm Pháp trị theo sự hiểu biết của mình và dịch các câu đó ra tiếng Anh.

B.THE RULE OF LAW

The notion of the rule of law means, first that government and political power should be limited by rules published and known in advance and applied equally and impartially to all and, secondly, that the laws once made, should be obeyed even by those who disagree with it on moral grounds. This second assertion is a powerful propaganda weapon but involves questions of personal morality which are outside the scope of our studies. The rule of law is a conservative idea because it relies on precedent and existing rules to legitimate official decision-making machinery. In this sense the idea of the rule of law is consistent with many kinds of brutal or despotic regimes. In the United Kingdom context the rule of law has been said to mean that governments are of law not men, and even the highest in the land are subject to the law. How can this be when laws are made by governments? How can governments be made to obey their own laws and to be restricted as to the kind of laws they make? A partial answer has been provided by E.P. Thompson. Thompson argues that even the most despotic and self-interested government is compelled to behave in a regular fashion in the sense that it must make rules and generally keep to them. No regime can last long by brute force alone. Rulers must secure the voluntary co-operation of a majority of the populace. Thus any effective regime must be legitimate in the sense that it must appeal to notions of fairness and justice, or at least to some generally accepted set of values. This in turn requires the regime to make rules and to accept the decisions of courts that embody at least the appearance of impartiality and fairness. In order for justice to appear to be done, justice must, at least sometimes, actually be done. Thompson[1] therefore describes the rule of law as an unqualified human good. On the other hand, we could argue that this kind of rule of law may be a human good but it is not a very great one. The rule of law may reinforce an evil regime that would otherwise more easily be overthrown for example Hitlers Germany. Furthermore the protection of law can most effectively be taken advantage of by the wealthy and privileged, that is, those who gain benefits from the governing regime.

[Adapted from Administrative & Constitutional Law by John Alder, the MacMillan Press Ltd., 1989

[1] E.P. Thompson: Một luật gia Mỹ

Learn: Vocabulary In context [Quizlet]

1. EXERCISES.

Exercise 5. Hãy cho biết những khẳng định sau đây đúng hay sai căn cứ vào nội dung của bài:

1. In the United Kingdom context refers to the circumstance in the United Kingdom.
2. In order for justice appear to be done means to give the public Impression that justice exists.
3. In regular fashion means in normal manner.
4. Unqualified human goods means artificial goods that do not fit the demands.
5. Wealthy people means rich
6. Populace means

Exercise 6. sắp các câu tiếng Anh lại thành một đoạn văn có nội dung tương tự như đoạn văn tiếng Việt ở dưới.

1. Constitutional law outlines the general plan of the government; administrative law furnishes the details for carrying out the plan.
2. It also complements constitutional law, insofar as it determines the rules of law relative to the activity of the administrative authorities
3. But administrative law not only supplements constitutional law, Insofar as it regulates the administrative organization of the government
4. Constitutional law lays stress upon rights; administrative law emphasizes duties.
5. While constitutional law gives the general plan of governmental organization administrative law carries out this plan in its minutes details.
6. While constitutional law treats the relations of government with the individual administrative law treats them from the standpoint of the powers of the government.

Luật hiến pháp phác họa quy hoạch tổng thể của nhà nước, còn luật hành chính thì đưa ra các chi tiết cho việc thực hiện quy hoạch này. Trong khi luật hiến pháp cho chúng ta quy hoạch tổng thể trong việc tổ chức nhà nước thì luật hành chinh triển khai quy hoạch này một cách chi tiết. Tuy nhiên, luật hành chính không chỉ bổ trợ cho luật hiến pháp ở khía cạnh điều chỉnh việc tổ chức hành chính của nhà nước. Nó còn bổ trợ cho luật hiến pháp ở chỗ nó tạo ra các quy định pháp luật liên quan đến hoạt động của các cơ quan hành chính. Trong khi luật nhà nước xử lý các quan hệ giữa nhà nước với công dân thì luật hành chính xử lý chúng từ góc độ quyền lực nhà nước. Người ta nói luật hiến pháp chỉ chú trọng tới các quyến, còn luật hành chính thì nhấn mạnh các nghĩa vụ.

Exercise 7. Translate the following passage into Vietnamese using the vocabulary given at the end of the passage.

Written and unwritten law

This subject leads US to a classification of the different type of law that custom, precedent, and legislation give rise to, according to form. Customary law and case law are sometimes called unwritten law, as distinguished from statute law, which is called written law. The term unwritten law undoubtedly owes its origin to the fact that, in the beginning, customary law and case law were not reduced to writing but were simply handed down from one generation to another in the form of tradition by word of mouth. At present, of course, all three types are kept mostly in writing. The only distinction between written law and unwritten law, as the terms are now employed, lies in the process of their establishment. When a law is prescribed by competent authority in a formal, express manner it is classified as written law, even though it may not be actually put on paper. On the other hand, when a rule is set down by the proper court as precedent, it is classified as unwritten law, although it is in fact printed in the reports of the courts.

[Adapted from An Introduction to Philippines law by Melquíades J, Gamboa].

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B. WHAT IS LAW ?

The law of a community is a set of special rules used by the community directly or indirectly for the purpose of determining which behavior will be punished or coerced by the public power. These special rules can be identified and distin­guished by specific criteria, by tests having to do not with their content but with their pedigree or the manner in which they were adopted or developed. These tests of pedigree can be used to distinguish valid legal rules [rules which lawyers and litigants wrongly argue are rules of law] and also from other sorts of social rules [generally lumped together as moral rules] that the community follows but does not enforce through public power.

The set of these valid legal rules is exhaustive of the law so that if someones case is not clearly covered by such a rule [because there is none that seems appropriate, or those that seem appropriate are vague, or for some other reason] then that case cannot be decided by applying the law. It must be decided by some official, like a judge, exercising his discretion, which means reaching beyond the law for some other sort of standard to guide him in manufacturing a fresh legal rule or supplementing an old one.To say that someone has a legal obligation Is to say that his case falls under a valid legal rule that requires him to do or to forbear from doing something. [To say he has a legal right or has a legal power of some sort, or a legal privilege or immunity, is to assert, in a shorthand way, that others have actual or hypothetical legal obligation to act or not to act in a certain way touching him]. In absence of such a valid legal rule there is no legal obligation; it follows that when the judge decides an issue by exercising his discretion, he is not enforcing a legal obligation as to that issue.

Law is a set of special rules. A rule of law is considered, in some extent, as a kind of command or order. But a rule of law differs from a command, among the other way, by being normative, by setting a standard of behavior that has a call on its subject beyond the threat that may enforce it. A rule can never bind just because some person with physical power wants it to be so. He must have authority to issue the rule or it is no rule, and such authority can only come from another rule which is already binding on those to whom he speaks. That is the difference between a valid law and the order of a gunman. The authority of a rule derives from two possible sources:

• A rule may become binding upon a group of people because that group through its practice accepts the rule as a standard for its conduct.
• A rule may also become binding in quite a different way, namely by being enacted in conformity with some secondary rule, that stipulates that rules so enacted shall be binding.[1]

[Adapted from The philosophy of law edited by R.M Dworkin]

Vocabulary in context

C.EXERCISES

Exercise 6. Dưới đây là một số định nghĩa về pháp luật và vai trò của nó. Hãy dịch ra tiếng Việt những định nghĩa và đánh giá này [click vào đây để tới bài tập]

Exercise 7. Translate the following statements into English:

1. Pháp luật là hệ thống các qui tắc xử sự được nhà nước ban hành nhằm điều chỉnh các quan hệ xã hội
2. Các qui định của pháp luật được ban hành bởi các cơ quan nhà nước có thẩm quyền dưới những hình thức nhất định.
3. Pháp luật là công cụ không thể thiếu của hoạt động quản lý nhà nước.
4. Tuân thủ pháp luật là nghĩa vụ công dân.
5. Pháp luật được nhà nước đảm bảo thực hiện bằng biện pháp cưỡng chế.
6. Pháp luật có mối quan hệ chặt chẽ với đao đức xã hôi. Các qui phạm pháp luật có thể biến thành qui phạm đạo đức và ngược lại các qui phạm đạo đức cũng có thể trở thành qui phạm pháp luật.
7. Pháp trị là nguyên tắc tổ chức và quản lý xã hội, quản lý nhà nước.
8. Tất cả mọi hành vi trái pháp luật đều bị coi là vi phạm pháp luật.
9. Mọi công dân đều bình đẳng trước pháp luật; tính công khai của pháp luật, tính độc lập của toà án, tính tối cao của các đạo luật là những yêu cấu cơ bản của nhà nước pháp quyền.
10. Pháp luật thể hiện và bảo vệ lợi ích của giai cấp thống trị.

The Vocabulary

Exercise 8. Hãy chọn từ thích hợp nhất trong số những từ cho ở dưới mỗi đoạn để điền vào chỗ trống trong các đoạn văn dưối đây. Hãy căn cứ vào phần dịch ra tiếng Việt ở dưới để xác định từ cần chọn. Biến đổi cấu tạo từ nếu cần thiết.

Modern law consists of. that are uniform and varying in their.. The incidence of these rules is territorial rather than personal; that is the same rules are to members of all religions, tribes, classes, castes, and localities and to both sexes. The differences among persons that are recognized by. are not differences in intrinsic kind or quality, such as differences between nobles and serfs or between Brahmans and lower castes, but differences in function, condition, and achievement in mundane pursuit.

Pháp luật hiện đại bao gồm các qui phạm nhất quán song lại khác nhau trong việc áp dụng. Sự tác động của các qui phạm này mang tính lãnh thổ nhiều hơn là tính cá biệt, có nghĩa là cũng là các qui phạm đó song được áp dụng cho tất cả các tôn giáo, các bộ tộc, các giai cấp, tầng lớp, các vùng và các giới. Những sự khác nhau giữa cá nhân được pháp luật thừa nhận không phải là sự khác nhau nội tại hay phẩm chất như sự khác nhau giữa quí tộc và nông nô. giữa giáo sỹ Bà la môn với đẳng cấp thấp hơn mà là sự khác nhau về chức năng, điều kiện và những thành tựu trong những theo đuổi thường ngày.

[law, legal system, application, applicable, state, court, rule, norm]

Modern law is transactional. Rights and obligations are apportioned as they result from [contractual, criminal, and so on] between parties rather than aggregated in unchanging clusters that attach to persons because of determinants outside the particular transactions. That is, legal .. and. are not determined by.. such as age, class, religion, sex, which are unrelated to the particular transaction or encounter. Such status clusters of and. as do exist are based on mundane function or condition [for example,employer, a business, wife] rather than on differences in inherent worth or sacramental honor.

Pháp luật hiện đại mang tính giao dịch. Quyền và nghĩa vụ được xác định dựa vào các hành vi [ký kết hợp đồng, hành vi hình sự vv..] giữa các bên chứ không tích hợp từ những yếu tố đồng đẳng bất biến gắn liền với cá nhân đó do các nhản tố quyết định nằm bên ngoài những giao dịch này. Điều này có nghĩa là quyển và nghĩa vụ không được xác định bởi các yếu tố như độ tuổi, giai cấp, tôn giáo, giới vốn không liên quan đến giao dịch hay sự kiện cụ thể nhất định. Những yếu tố đổng đẳng đó nếu có tổn tại thì lại dựa trên chức năng hoặc điều kiện thông thường [ví dụ, người thuê lao động, doanh nghiệp, vợ chồng] chứ không phải trên sự khác nhau về giá trị nội tại hoặc danh dự tôn giáo

[transaction, contract, right, obligation, duty, factor, reason, act]

Exercise 9. Hãy xác định giữa các câu tiếng Anh và phẩn dịch của chúng có điểm gì khác nhau vế nội dung không?

1. These special rules can be identified and distinguished by specific criteria, by tests having to do not with their content but with their pedigree or the manner in which they were adopted or developed.

Những qui phạm này được xác định và được phân biệt bởi các tiêu chí, các kiểm định không liên quan đến nội dung của chúng mà đến các cội nguồn hay cách thức mà theo đó chúng được ban hành hay phát triển.

2 The set of these valid legal rules is exhaustive of the law so that if someones case is not clearly covered by such a rule [because there is none that seems appropriate, or those that seem appropriate are vague, or for some other reason] then that case cannot be decided by applying the law.

Tổng thể tất các các qui phạm có hiệu lực này tạo thành pháp luật và như vậy nếu có trường hợp của ai đó không được một qui phạm như vậy đề cập rõ ràng [có thể do không tìm thấy một qui phạm nào thích hợp, hoặc có qui phạm có vẻ thích hợp thì lại mơ hổ hoặc vì những lý do khác] thi trường hợp này không thể giải quyết được bằng việc áp dụng pháp luật.

1. It must be decided by some official, like a judge, exercising his discretion, which means reaching beyond the law for some other sort of standard to guide him in manufacturing a fresh legal rule or supplementing an old one.

Nó cần được giải quyết bởi một viên chức nào đó như thẩm phán, người thực hiện việc định đoạt theo ý mình, điều được coi là vượt ra ngoài pháp luật để tìm một tiêu chí nào dó cho việc tạo ra một qui phạm mới hoặc bổ sung qui định cũ.

• To say that someone has a legal obligation is to say that his case falls under a valid legal rule that requires him to do or to forbear from doing something.

Nói al đó có nghĩa vụ pháp lý tức là nói anh ra đang chịu tác động của một qui phạm pháp luật có hiệu lực buộc anh ta phải làm hoặc kiềm chế không làm một

việc gì đó.

1. To say he has a legal right or has a legal power of some sort, or a legal privilege or immunity, is to assert, in a shorthand way, that others have actual or hypothetical legal obligation to act or not to act in a certain way touching him.

Nói anh ta có một quyển hoặc quyền hạn pháp lý hay một loại đặc quyền hay miễn trừ pháp lý nhất định thì có nghĩa rằng những người khác có nghĩa vụ pháp lý thực tế hay giả định, trước mắt, phải hành động hay không hành động trong các quan hệ với anh ta.

Exercise 10. Check your understanding by answering the following questions:

1. What is law according to the text?
2. What do their content, pedigree and manner in the first paragraph of the text [in italic] refer to?
3. What is the difference between valid legal rules and spurious and moral rules?
4. Can a case that is not covered by a valid legal rule be decided by application of law?
5. How does an official decide the case which is not covered by a valid legal rule?
6. What does it mean to have a legal obligation according to the text?
7. Does a legal obligation exist in the absence of a valid legal rule?
8. What is the difference between a valid legal rule and the command of a gunman?
9. What are the sources from which the authority of a legal rule derive?

CHAPTER 1.GENERAL CONCEPTS OF LAW AND STATE

Lesson 1: What is law [p1] + [p2]

A.PRE-TEXT EXERCISES.

Exercise 1. Trước khi bước vào nghiên cứu bài What is law hãy:

1:Think about the subject.

• Cho biết pháp luật là gì? Theo những gì bạn đã học thì pháp luật có phải là một dạng qui tắc điều chỉnh quan hệ xã hội không?
• Bang tieng Anh, trinh bày và trao đôi trước lớp về khái niệm pháp luật Predict:
• Nội dung bài What is law sẽ bao gồm những vấn đề gì? Hãy ghi lại sự phỏng đoán của bạn.
• Quan điểm của tác giả về pháp luật nêu trong bài What is law có giống quan điểm mà bạn đã trình bày không?
• 2 Predict:
• Nội dung bài What is law sẽ bao gồm những vấn đề gì? hãy ghi lại sự phỏng đoán của bạn
• Quan điểm của tác giả về pháp luật nêu trong bài What is law có giống điểm mà bạn đã trình bày không?

Exercise 2 Bằng cách kết hợp các tính từ ở cột A và các danh từ ở cột B hãy tạo ra các thuật ngữ pháp lý tương ứng với các thuật ngữ tiếng Việt cho ở dưới và viết 4 câu bằng tiếng Anh có sử dụng các thuật ngữ pháp lý đã tạo ra

Quan Hệ hợp đồng: Cách tiếp cận thích hợp: Cội nguồn của quyền lực; Các tình tiết bắt buộc; hệ thống pháp luật; quyền lực tối thượng; tình tiết thích hợp; quyền hạn ngầm định; quyền lực chính thức; chế tài pháp lý; tình tiết pháp lý; thực thể hư cấu

Học từ vựng bài tập này tại Đây

Exercise 3. Hãy điền vào các khoảng trống trong các câu sau những thuật ngữ thích hợp sao cho câu văn có ý nghĩa. Tham khảo các thuật ngữ cho ở cuối bài.

1. In a society governed by the Rule of Law. of the citizens is secured by

effective legal means.

1. Law is to not only interactions between individuals but also their

relations with the competent state authorities.

1. All . issued by the government must be in accordance with the Constitution

and the acting laws.

1. In the.. of his/her rights and freedoms, an individual must respect the rights

and freedoms of other people as well as the interests of the society.

1. The law of an organized society assumes the existence of that society; to deny it

would be to. suicide.

1. Law is the enterprise of subjecting human conduct to the governance of
2. The laws of a state are to be by the National Assembly which is its

legislative body.

1. The Constitution of 1992 . freedom of business.
2. The Law on foreign investments in Vietnam contains some regulating

disputes between domestic and foreign companies.

1. Every citizen has the duty to the law and the legal order.
2. To say that a rule is valid means it can be applied by the way of

[Rights and freedoms; Govern; Legal document; Acts; Commit; Law; Pass; Adopt; Provided for; Rules; Principles; Comply; Obey; Enforcement]

Exercise 4. Hãy điền các ký hiệu [V. for Verbs, Adj. for Adjective, N. for Nouns, Adv. for adverbs] vào sau các từ đã cho để xác định từ loại và nghĩa tiếng Việt của chúng.

B.WHAT IS LAW ?

The law of a community is a set of special rules used by the community directly or indirectly

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CHAPTER 1.GENERAL CONCEPTS OF LAW AND STATE

Lesson 1: What is law ?

lesson 2:The Rule of Law

lesson 3:The sanctions of law

lesson 4:The sanctions of law [continued]

lesson 5:The functions of law

lesson 6:What is the state?

lesson 7:Power, Authority and the State

lesson 8:Power,Authority and the State [continued]

CHAPTER 2:CONSTITUTIONAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE LAW

lesson 9:Definition of constitution

lesson 10:The differences between written and unwritten constitutions

lesson 11:Fundamental rights and immunities of citizens

lesson 12:Government in the United States of America

lesson 13:Nature of administrative proceedings

lesson 14:The basic principles of Swedish constitution

CHAPTER 3:CIVIL AND FAMILY LAW

lesson 15:Personal property

Lesson 16:Definition and nature of real property

Lesson 17:Definition and nature of a will

Lesson 18:Testamentary capacity

Lesson 19:Formal requisites: execution, attestation, and publication of wills

Lesson 20:Descent and distribution of decedents estate

Lesson 21:Family law and marriage

Lesson 22:The scope of parental rights ans duties

CHAPTER 4.TORT LAW AND CRIMINAL LAW

Lesson 21:Definition and kinds of torts

Lesson 22:Definition and kinds of torts [continued]

Lesson 25 Definition of a crime

Lesson 26 Capacity for crime and punishment

Lesson 27 The criminal state of mind: intent; malice; volition

Lesson 28 Participation in crime; Aiding and abetting; Accessories

Lesson 29 Defenses in criminal cases 4 7 -a

Lesson 30 Some principles of Swedish Criminal Law

CHAPTER 5. CONTRACT LAW

Lesson 31 Nature and kinds of contracts 225

Lesson 32 Offer and acceptance

Lesson 33 Consideration as an element of a contract

Lesson 34 Contractual capacity of parties

Lesson 35 Remedy for breach of contract

CHAPTER 6. CORPORATION LAW

Lesson 36 Nature of a corporation

Lesson 37 By-laws and records of a corporation

Lesson 38 Capital structure of a corporation

Lesson 39 Directors, officers, and employees of a corporation

CHAPTER 7. CONTEMPORARY INTERNATIONAL LAW

Lesson 40 Definition of international law 299

Lesson 41 Origin and development of international law

Lesson 42 Characteristics of international law

Lesson 43 General principles and scope of international law

Lesson 44 International law in the modern world

CHAPTER 8. THEORETICAL ISSUES OF LAW

Lesson 45 The difference between law and otherrules of conduct

Lesson 46 Law as coercive orders

Lesson 47 The origins of law in general

Lesson 48 Retrospective legislation; ex post facto laws

Lesson 49 Law and morality

Lesson 50 The influence of morality on law and interpretation of law

Lesson 51 Legal culture

Lesson 52 Law, power and authority

Lesson 53 Law and class structure 410

Lesson 54 Law and socio-economic development

Lesson 55 Powers separation issue in the USA context 431

Lesson 56 Powers separation issue in the USA context, [continued] 440

Lesson 57 American political system 449

Lesson 58 Law and other sciences [For self-testing] 460

Lesson 59 Law through ages 465

CHAPTER 10. THE LEGAL SYSTEM AND ITS FUNCTIONS

Lesson 60 What is a legal system? 471

Lesson 61 The functions of the legal system 484

Lesson 62 Social changes and the legal system 493

Lesson 63 The classification of legal systems 504

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