A favorable or unfavorable evaluative reaction toward something or someone is called a(n)
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Chapter 4Favorable and unfavorable evaluative reactions toward something is a description of a person’s ____ Show
Get answer to your question and much more The implicit association test (IAT) measures people’s implicit____ Get answer to your question and much more Andy is an excellent basketball player. His average number of shots made per game would be his principle of___ Get answer to your question and much more When people become more self-____, they are more conscious of their words and deeds. Get answer to your question and much more Eduardo is sitting at his desk in his new kindergarten classroom and listening to his teacher. This behavior is a ___Eduardo has learned Get answer to your question and much more Maria has never liked coffee but loves caffeine drinks. She is displaying a negative __toward coffee. Get answer to your question and much more A study of students placed in a mock prison setting and assigned the roles of guards or prisoners found the guardswere prone to ___behaviors Get answer to your question and much more Get answer to your question and much more A person’s average behavior is a description of the principle of____ Get answer to your question and much more According to the principle of aggregation, Jane’s strong sense of religious belief and spirituality indicate that shewould____o Get answer to your question and much more Research has shown that if we say it, we will (believe/disbelieve) ______it Get answer to your question and much more If a mirror is put in front of a classroom where students are taking a final exam, their own self-___ may minimizecheating on the exam Get answer to your question and much more Mrs. Anderson teaches her first-grade students the national anthem. This practice of publicly promoting patriotism inindividual schoolchildren is an example of the power of___ Get answer to your question and much more Cody is at the funeral of his great-grandmother. He know he is to be quiet and not run. This expected behavior isa/an___ Get answer to your question and much more How much we like or dislike something that determines our behavior towards that thing. We tend to approach, seek out, or be associated with things we like; we avoid, shun, or reject things we do not like. Some examples of attitudes are- he has a positive attitude about the changes, she is friendly and has a good attitude, he was showing some attitude during practice today, so the coach benched him, I like my friends that means I am expressing my attitudes towards my friends, etc. Definition of AttitudeAttitude is the manner, disposition, feeling, and position about a person or thing, tendency, or orientation, especially in mind. According to Gordon Allport, “An attitude is a mental and neural state of readiness, organized through experience, exerting a directive or dynamic influence upon the individual’s response to all objects and situations with which it is related.” Frank Freeman said, “An attitude is a dispositional readiness to respond to certain institutions, persons or objects in a consistent manner which has been learned and has become one’s typical mode of response.” Thurstone said, “An attitude denotes the total of man’s inclinations and feelings, prejudice or bias, preconceived notions, ideas, fears, threats, and other any specific topic.” Anastasi defined attitude as “A tendency to react favorably or unfavorably towards a designated class of stimuli, such as a national or racial group, a custom or an institution.” According to N.L. Munn, “Attitudes are learned predispositions towards aspects of our environment. They may be positively or negatively directed towards certain people, service, or institution.” “Attitudes are an ‘individual’s enduring favorable or unfavorable evaluations, emotional feelings, and action tendencies toward some object or idea.” — David Krech, Richard S. Crutchfield, and Egerton L. Ballackey. “Attitude can be described as a learned predisposition to respond in a consistently favorable or unfavorable manner for a given object.” — Martin Fishbein and Icek Ajzen. “An attitude is a relatively enduring organization of beliefs around an object or situation predisposing one to respond in some preferential manner.” — Milton Rokeach. Characteristics of AttitudeAttitude can be described as a tendency to react positively or negatively to a person or circumstances. Thus the two main elements of attitude are this tendency or predisposition and the direction of this predisposition. It has been defined as a mental state of readiness, organized through experience, which exerts a directive or dynamic influence on the responses. These can also be explicit and implicit. Explicit attitudes are those that we are consciously aware of and that clearly influences our behaviors and beliefs. Implicit attitudes are unconscious but still affect our beliefs and behaviors. Psychologists Thomas, which imposes limits as a level attitude trend, is positive and negative, associated with psychology. Object psychology here includes symbols, words, slogans, people, institutions, ideas, etc. Characteristics of Attitude are;
Attitude may be defined as a feeling or disposition to favor or be against objects, persons, and situations. It is a well-defined object of reference. It may be defined as ‘an enduring predisposition or readiness to react or behave in a particular manner to a given object or situation, idea, material, or person.’ It describes and evaluates an object or a situation, with each belief having a cognitive effect and behavioral components. Each of these beliefs is a predisposition that results in some preferential response towards the object or the situation. Actually, it is frequently used in describing people and explaining their behavior. For example:- “I like her attitude,” “He has a good attitude,” etc. Actually, it is characterized by the tendency to feel and behave in a particular way toward some object. Components of AttitudeAttitudes are simply expressions of much we like or dislike various things. Attitudes represent our evaluations, preferences, or rejections based on the information we receive. 3 components of attitude are (1) Cognitive Component, (2) Affective Component, and (3) Behavioral Component. Factors Influencing AttitudesBy attitudes, we mean the beliefs, feelings, and action tendencies of individuals or individuals towards objects, ideas, and people. Attitudes involve some knowledge of a situation. However, the essential aspect of the attitude is found in the fact that some characteristic feeling or emotion is experienced and, as we would accordingly expect, some definite tendency to action is associated. Subjectively, then, the important factor is the feeling or emotion. Many different factors can influence how and why attitudes form. These are-
Learn more about factors influencing attitudes. Types of AttitudesAttitude is something that lies between emotions and thinks processing. It may be positive or negative. In organizational behavior; 3 types of attitudes are;
Functions of AttitudesThe most important function of an attitude can only be ascertained by considering it concerning the person who holds it and the environment in which they operate. Daniel Katz outlines 4 functions of attitude areas:
Barriers to Change AttitudesEmployees’ attitudes can be changed, and sometimes it is in the best interests of management to try to do so. For example, if employees believe that their employer does not look after their welfare, the management should try to change employees’ attitudes and develop a more positive attitude towards them. However, the process of changing the attitude is not always easy. Actually, the barriers are the limits that prevent the organization from achieving its predetermined goals. So every organization should be aware of these and should take corrective actions. Barriers to Change Attitudes are;
Prior CommitmentWhen people feel a commitment towards a particular course of action that has already been agreed upon, it becomes difficult for them to change or accept the new ways of functioning. Insufficient InformationIt also acts as a major barrier to change attitudes. Sometimes people do not see why they should change their attitude due to the unavailability of adequate information. Sometimes people do not see why they should change their attitude due to the unavailability of adequate information. Balance and ConsistencyAnother obstacle to a change of attitude is the attitude theory of balance and consistency. Human beings prefer their attitudes about people and things to be in line with their behaviors towards each other and objects. Lack of ResourcesIf plans become excessively ambitious, they can sometimes be obstructed by the lack of resources on a company or organization. So, in this case, if the organization wants to change the employees’ attitude towards the new plan, sometimes it becomes impossible for the lack of resources to achieve this. Improper Reward SystemSometimes, an improper reward system acts as a barrier to change attitude. If an organization places too much emphasis on short-term performance and results, managers may ignore longer-term issues as they set goals and formulate plans to achieve higher profits in the short term. If this reward system is introduced in the organization, employees are not motivated to change their attitude. Resistance to ChangeAnother barrier is resistance to change. Basically, change is a continuous process within and outside the organization to achieve the set goal. When the authority changes a plan of the organization, the employees have to change themselves. But some of them do not like this. If their attitude regarding the change of plan cannot be changed, the organization will not be successful. Ways of Changing AttitudesAttitude can be changed if we differentiate a negative attitude from a positive attitude. A positive attitude can bring positive change in life; it is difficult to change attitude,s, but with some effort, it can be done. The individual from a culturally deprived environment who holds an array of hostile attitudes may change often; he is given education opportunities. A person from a privileged subculture, who has always held to a democratic attitude, may become negative towards some group because of one unfortunate experience. Well established attitudes tend to be resistant to change, but others may be more amenable to change. Attitudes can be changed b a variety of ways. Ways of Changing Attitude
Workplace and AttitudesTaking this a step further, we can assemble some ideas of how these three components can impact the workplace. The workplace’s challenge is that now these components are tied to work functions, policy, procedures, organizational structure, and the people and individuals present in the organization. For example, we could have thoughts or beliefs (cognitive) about managers in general, and those thoughts or beliefs could manifest themselves as not trusting a manager (effective). Thus we would never want to develop a close relationship with a manager (behavioral). It is important to make the point here that these are attitudes – and yes, they can be wrong. Just because we have an attitude that does not mean it is correct. It is just how we feel about a person or situation. Obviously, not every manager is trustworthy, but if we let our negative attitudes dictate how we view and react to managers, we will never see if some are excellent people and can be trusted. Certainly, having a good relationship based on trust with the manager is a great thing to have in the workplace. Attitude SurveysThe concept of an “attitude” comes from Social psychology. The term “attitude” is defined as “a psychological tendency expressed by evaluating a particular entity with some degree of favor or disfavor.” It provides an understanding of how the employee perceives the organization and workgroups. The preceding review indicates that knowledge of employee attitudes can help managers attempt to predict employee behavior. The most popular method is through the use of attitude surveys. Often an essential component of organizational training and development, Employee Attitude surveys provide a picture of its needs. These surveys often contain a series of multiple-choice items grouped along one or more dimensions of the organization. The surveys of this type provide an understanding of how the employee perceives the organization. Employee attitude surveys measure the employee’s opinions on most of the aspects of a workplace, including:
Organizations are increasingly interested in retaining the right talents while targeting new talents; measuring employees’ attitudes indicates how successful the organization is in fostering a conducive environment that nurtures a great attitude among employees towards their job and company. The usual measures of employee attitude involve an employee attitude survey with a set of statements or scale. The employee is asked to evaluate each statement in terms of their perception of the organization’s performance. Uses of Employee Attitude SurveyEmployee opinion surveys are about improvement and providing the authority with the information they need to be successful. Regular attitude surveys can alert management to potential problems and employees’ intentions early so that action can be taken to prevent repercussions. Uses for Employee Attitude Surveys include;
Attitudes and BeliefsAn attitude is a relatively enduring organization of beliefs, feelings, and behavioral tendencies towards socially significant objects, groups, events, or symbols. It is a learned predisposition to respond in a consistently favorable or unfavorable manner for a given object. It is an expression of evaluation toward a person, place, thing, or event. It will always have a positive and negative element and tend to behave in a certain way. Attitudes are formed primarily based on underlying values and beliefs. While attitude is the predisposition to act in a particular way towards an object or situation, opinion is the expression of an individual’s judgment about a particular set of facts. It is an evaluation of the circumstances presented to an individual. Beliefs are acquired through real experiences, but the original experience related to a particular belief is mostly forgotten. It affects the quality of our work and relationships because we experience what we believe, and it is not based on reality. They are an important part of our identity. They may be religious, cultural, or moral. Beliefs reflect who we are and how we live our lives. It is composed of multiple factors tending to family, society, and the structure of life. It is the trust that something is true and good without any doubt. It is an internal feeling that something is true, even though that belief may be unproven or irrational. I believe that walking under a ladder brings bad luck. Attitudes vs. BehaviorAttitude refers to feelings, beliefs, and behavior predispositions directed towards people, groups, ideas, or objects. It influences the behavior of the individuals. It decides how to act or behave in a particular situation. Attitude is a kind of habit. It is the usual way of doing things. Everything in an organization will get better if the attitude of everyone gets better. Successes and failures in life depend upon the attitude of the individuals. If attitudes are positive, then human relations will be positive. It is internal and challenging to change. Behavior is the way a person responds to his attitude. This response is either positive or negative, depending on how that views his position. For example, an employee who disagrees? His supervisor may ignore office protocol. Besides, an employee who dislikes another coworker or has little respect for a coworker may display this attitude by speaking harshly to this individual. Behavior can be influenced by factors beyond attitude, including preconceptions about self and others, monetary factors, social influences, and convenience. It is the actions or reactions of a person or animal in response to external or internal stimuli. It indicates how something functions or operates. ConclusionFinally, we can say that attitudes are evaluative statements favorable or unfavorable related to the person, object, or events. Although there are some differences regarding attitudes, based on the above’ opinions, it can be concluded that the attitude is a state in which man moves to act or do anything in response to a situation or condition of the objects in the surrounding environment. It is actually a statement toward something, or someone exhibited in one’s beliefs, feelings, or intended behavior. It is a social orientation, an underlying inclination to respond to something either favorably or unfavorably. What is attitude change theory?Attitude change is said to occur when subjects receive new information from other people or media through direct experience with the attitude object, and this forces the subjects to behave in a way different than they used to.
What is attitude in sociology?A sociological definition of attitude looks at verbal expression as an intention to act. Common to sociological definitions is the view that an attitude is a "mental position with regard to a fact or state or a feeling or emotion toward a fact or state" (Merriam Webster's Online Dictionary).
What is attitude formation?The term attitude formation refers to the movement we make, from having no attitude towards an object, to having some positive or negative attitude towards that object.
What is attitude cognitive dissonance theory of attitude?Cognitive dissonance theory postulates that an underlying psychological tension is created when an individual's behavior is inconsistent with his or her thoughts and beliefs. This underlying tension then motivates an individual to make an attitude change that would produce consistency between thoughts and behaviors.
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