Hướng dẫn keyerror python string format error in connection string error opening connection to - keyerror python lỗi định dạng chuỗi trong chuỗi kết nối lỗi mở kết nối với

I'm getting the following error while trying to execute my script

 ]""".format(id="123", name="test")
KeyError: '\n    "id"'

Here's my script. I just need to format a multiline string. I tried using a dictionary in the format section but that didn't work either.

import requests

payload = """[
  {
    "id":{id},
    "name": "{name}"
  }
]""".format(id="123", name="test")

headers = {"Content-Type": "application/json"}
r = requests.post("http://localhost:8080/employee", data=payload, 
headers=headers)
print(r.status_code, r.reason)

Environment

• Python: 3.5.2
• pyodbc: 4.0.16
• OS: Windows 10
• DB: Microsoft SQL Server 2017
• driver: ODBC Driver 17 for SQL Server

Issue

I get the error:
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "test.py", line 31, in
create_database()
File "test.py", line 17, in create_database
cnxn = pyodbc.connect(connection_string.format("master"), autocommit=True)
KeyError: 'SQL Server'

when attempting to connect to my SQL server with the following code

connection_string = "Driver = {SQL Server}; Server = server_name; Database={0}; UID=uid; PWD=pwd"

cnxn = pyodbc.connect(connection_string.format("master"), autocommit=True)

Can't seem to find a similar issue. I've also tried to run using DSN with:

connection_string = "DSN=dsn;UID=uid;PWD=pwd"
cnxn = pyodbc.connect(connection_string.format("master"), autocommit=True)

but then this error comes up:
pyodbc.Error: ('IM014', '[IM014] [Microsoft][ODBC Driver Manager] The specified DSN contains an architecture mismatch between the Driver and Application (0) (SQLDriverConnect)')

I believe the SQL Server driver is the very old one from SQL Server 6.x, if you want msodbcsql17 then you need to specify Driver=ODBC Driver 17 for SQL Server in your connection string.

The "architecture mismatch" error occurs when the application and driver are different bitness --- you need to use a 32-bit driver with a 32-bit Python, and the 64-bit driver with a 64-bit Python.

Thank you! The second problem is solved. However, the first problem still persists even after I make the suggested change. Now, when I run

connection_string = "Driver = {ODBC Driver 17 for SQL Server}; Server = servername; Database={0}; UID=uid; PWD=pwd"

cnxn = pyodbc.connect(connection_string.format("master"), autocommit=True)

it shows
KeyError: 'ODBC Driver 17 for SQL Server'

Since I can connect now, it's fine. But I'm still curious as to why the error happens.

I've also tried without the {}, but then the error returned becomes:
cnxn = pyodbc.connect(connection_string.format("master"), autocommit=True)
pyodbc.Error: ('IM002', '[IM002] [Microsoft][ODBC Driver Manager] Data source name not found and no default driver specified (0) (SQLDriverConnect)')

Exactly. If you really want to use format, escaping the braces as v-chojas suggestions would look like this:

connection_string = "Driver = {{ODBC Driver 17 for SQL Server}}; Server = servername; Database={0}; UID=uid; PWD=pwd"

cnxn = pyodbc.connect(connection_string.format("master"), autocommit=True)

Notice the double braces around the driver name, but only a single around the '0'.

"""adodbapi - A python DB API 2.0 (PEP 249) interface to Microsoft ADO Copyright (C) 2002 Henrik Ekelund, versions 2.1 and later by Vernon Cole * http://sourceforge.net/projects/pywin32 * https://github.com/mhammond/pywin32 * http://sourceforge.net/projects/adodbapi This library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version. This library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU Lesser General Public License for more details. You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License along with this library; if not, write to the Free Software Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA 02111-1307 USA django adaptations and refactoring by Adam Vandenberg DB-API 2.0 specification: http://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0249/ This module source should run correctly in CPython versions 2.7 and later, or IronPython version 2.7 and later, or, after running through 2to3.py, CPython 3.4 or later. """ __version__ = "2.6.2.0" version = "adodbapi v" + __version__ import sys import copy import decimal import os import weakref from . import process_connect_string from . import ado_consts as adc from . import apibase as api try: verbose = int(os.environ["ADODBAPI_VERBOSE"]) except: verbose = False if verbose: print(version) # --- define objects to smooth out IronPython <-> CPython differences onWin32 = False # assume the worst if api.onIronPython: from System import Activator, Type, DBNull, DateTime, Array, Byte from System import Decimal as SystemDecimal from clr import Reference def Dispatch(dispatch): type = Type.GetTypeFromProgID(dispatch) return Activator.CreateInstance(type) def getIndexedValue(obj, index): return obj.Item[index] else: # try pywin32 try: import win32com.client import pythoncom import pywintypes onWin32 = True def Dispatch(dispatch): return win32com.client.Dispatch(dispatch) except ImportError: import warnings warnings.warn( "pywin32 package (or IronPython) required for adodbapi.", ImportWarning ) def getIndexedValue(obj, index): return obj(index) from collections.abc import Mapping # --- define objects to smooth out Python3000 <-> Python 2.x differences unicodeType = str longType = int StringTypes = str maxint = sys.maxsize # ----------------- The .connect method ----------------- def make_COM_connecter(): try: if onWin32: pythoncom.CoInitialize() # v2.1 Paj c = Dispatch("ADODB.Connection") # connect _after_ CoIninialize v2.1.1 adamvan except: raise api.InterfaceError( "Windows COM Error: Dispatch('ADODB.Connection') failed." ) return c def connect(*args, **kwargs): # --> a db-api connection object """Connect to a database. call using: :connection_string -- An ADODB formatted connection string, see: * http://www.connectionstrings.com * http://www.asp101.com/articles/john/connstring/default.asp :timeout -- A command timeout value, in seconds (default 30 seconds) """ co = Connection() # make an empty connection object kwargs = process_connect_string.process(args, kwargs, True) try: # connect to the database, using the connection information in kwargs co.connect(kwargs) return co except (Exception) as e: message = 'Error opening connection to "%s"' % co.connection_string raise api.OperationalError(e, message) # so you could use something like: # myConnection.paramstyle = 'named' # The programmer may also change the default. # For example, if I were using django, I would say: # import adodbapi as Database # Database.adodbapi.paramstyle = 'format' # ------- other module level defaults -------- defaultIsolationLevel = adc.adXactReadCommitted # Set defaultIsolationLevel on module level before creating the connection. # For example: # import adodbapi, ado_consts # adodbapi.adodbapi.defaultIsolationLevel=ado_consts.adXactBrowse" # # Set defaultCursorLocation on module level before creating the connection. # It may be one of the "adUse..." consts. defaultCursorLocation = adc.adUseClient # changed from adUseServer as of v 2.3.0 dateconverter = api.pythonDateTimeConverter() # default def format_parameters(ADOparameters, show_value=False): """Format a collection of ADO Command Parameters. Used by error reporting in _execute_command. """ try: if show_value: desc = [ 'Name: %s, Dir.: %s, Type: %s, Size: %s, Value: "%s", Precision: %s, NumericScale: %s' % ( p.Name, adc.directions[p.Direction], adc.adTypeNames.get(p.Type, str(p.Type) + " (unknown type)"), p.Size, p.Value, p.Precision, p.NumericScale, ) for p in ADOparameters ] else: desc = [ "Name: %s, Dir.: %s, Type: %s, Size: %s, Precision: %s, NumericScale: %s" % ( p.Name, adc.directions[p.Direction], adc.adTypeNames.get(p.Type, str(p.Type) + " (unknown type)"), p.Size, p.Precision, p.NumericScale, ) for p in ADOparameters ] return "[" + "\n".join(desc) + "]" except: return "[]" def _configure_parameter(p, value, adotype, settings_known): """Configure the given ADO Parameter 'p' with the Python 'value'.""" if adotype in api.adoBinaryTypes: p.Size = len(value) p.AppendChunk(value) elif isinstance(value, StringTypes): # v2.1 Jevon L = len(value) if adotype in api.adoStringTypes: # v2.2.1 Cole if settings_known: L = min(L, p.Size) # v2.1 Cole limit data to defined size p.Value = value[:L] # v2.1 Jevon & v2.1 Cole else: p.Value = value # dont limit if db column is numeric if L > 0: # v2.1 Cole something does not like p.Size as Zero p.Size = L # v2.1 Jevon elif isinstance(value, decimal.Decimal): if api.onIronPython: s = str(value) p.Value = s p.Size = len(s) else: p.Value = value exponent = value.as_tuple()[2] digit_count = len(value.as_tuple()[1]) p.Precision = digit_count if exponent == 0: p.NumericScale = 0 elif exponent < 0: p.NumericScale = -exponent if p.Precision < p.NumericScale: p.Precision = p.NumericScale else: # exponent > 0: p.NumericScale = 0 p.Precision = digit_count + exponent elif type(value) in dateconverter.types: if settings_known and adotype in api.adoDateTimeTypes: p.Value = dateconverter.COMDate(value) else: # probably a string # provide the date as a string in the format 'YYYY-MM-dd' s = dateconverter.DateObjectToIsoFormatString(value) p.Value = s p.Size = len(s) elif api.onIronPython and isinstance(value, longType): # Iron Python Long s = str(value) # feature workaround for IPy 2.0 p.Value = s elif adotype == adc.adEmpty: # ADO will not let you specify a null column p.Type = ( adc.adInteger ) # so we will fake it to be an integer (just to have something) p.Value = None # and pass in a Null *value* # For any other type, set the value and let pythoncom do the right thing. else: p.Value = value # # # # # ----- the Class that defines a connection ----- # # # # # class Connection(object): # include connection attributes as class attributes required by api definition. Warning = api.Warning Error = api.Error InterfaceError = api.InterfaceError DataError = api.DataError DatabaseError = api.DatabaseError OperationalError = api.OperationalError IntegrityError = api.IntegrityError InternalError = api.InternalError NotSupportedError = api.NotSupportedError ProgrammingError = api.ProgrammingError FetchFailedError = api.FetchFailedError # (special for django) # ...class attributes... (can be overridden by instance attributes) verbose = api.verbose @property def dbapi(self): # a proposed db-api version 3 extension. "Return a reference to the DBAPI module for this Connection." return api def __init__(self): # now define the instance attributes self.connector = None self.paramstyle = api.paramstyle self.supportsTransactions = False self.connection_string = "" self.cursors = weakref.WeakValueDictionary() self.dbms_name = "" self.dbms_version = "" self.errorhandler = None # use the standard error handler for this instance self.transaction_level = 0 # 0 == Not in a transaction, at the top level self._autocommit = False def connect(self, kwargs, connection_maker=make_COM_connecter): if verbose > 9: print("kwargs=", repr(kwargs)) try: self.connection_string = ( kwargs["connection_string"] % kwargs ) # insert keyword arguments except (Exception) as e: self._raiseConnectionError( KeyError, "Python string format error in connection string->" ) self.timeout = kwargs.get("timeout", 30) self.mode = kwargs.get("mode", adc.adModeUnknown) self.kwargs = kwargs if verbose: print('%s attempting: "%s"' % (version, self.connection_string)) self.connector = connection_maker() self.connector.ConnectionTimeout = self.timeout self.connector.ConnectionString = self.connection_string self.connector.Mode = self.mode try: self.connector.Open() # Open the ADO connection except api.Error: self._raiseConnectionError( api.DatabaseError, "ADO error trying to Open=%s" % self.connection_string, ) try: # Stefan Fuchs; support WINCCOLEDBProvider if getIndexedValue(self.connector.Properties, "Transaction DDL").Value != 0: self.supportsTransactions = True except pywintypes.com_error: pass # Stefan Fuchs self.dbms_name = getIndexedValue(self.connector.Properties, "DBMS Name").Value try: # Stefan Fuchs self.dbms_version = getIndexedValue( self.connector.Properties, "DBMS Version" ).Value except pywintypes.com_error: pass # Stefan Fuchs self.connector.CursorLocation = defaultCursorLocation # v2.1 Rose if self.supportsTransactions: self.connector.IsolationLevel = defaultIsolationLevel self._autocommit = bool(kwargs.get("autocommit", False)) if not self._autocommit: self.transaction_level = ( self.connector.BeginTrans() ) # Disables autocommit & inits transaction_level else: self._autocommit = True if "paramstyle" in kwargs: self.paramstyle = kwargs["paramstyle"] # let setattr do the error checking self.messages = [] if verbose: print("adodbapi New connection at %X" % id(self)) def _raiseConnectionError(self, errorclass, errorvalue): eh = self.errorhandler if eh is None: eh = api.standardErrorHandler eh(self, None, errorclass, errorvalue) def _closeAdoConnection(self): # all v2.1 Rose """close the underlying ADO Connection object, rolling it back first if it supports transactions.""" if self.connector is None: return if not self._autocommit: if self.transaction_level: try: self.connector.RollbackTrans() except: pass self.connector.Close() if verbose: print("adodbapi Closed connection at %X" % id(self)) def close(self): """Close the connection now (rather than whenever __del__ is called). The connection will be unusable from this point forward; an Error (or subclass) exception will be raised if any operation is attempted with the connection. The same applies to all cursor objects trying to use the connection. """ for crsr in list(self.cursors.values())[ : ]: # copy the list, then close each one crsr.close(dont_tell_me=True) # close without back-link clearing self.messages = [] try: self._closeAdoConnection() # v2.1 Rose except (Exception) as e: self._raiseConnectionError(sys.exc_info()[0], sys.exc_info()[1]) self.connector = None # v2.4.2.2 fix subtle timeout bug # per M.Hammond: "I expect the benefits of uninitializing are probably fairly small, # so never uninitializing will probably not cause any problems." def commit(self): """Commit any pending transaction to the database. Note that if the database supports an auto-commit feature, this must be initially off. An interface method may be provided to turn it back on. Database modules that do not support transactions should implement this method with void functionality. """ self.messages = [] if not self.supportsTransactions: return try: self.transaction_level = self.connector.CommitTrans() if verbose > 1: print("commit done on connection at %X" % id(self)) if not ( self._autocommit or (self.connector.Attributes & adc.adXactAbortRetaining) ): # If attributes has adXactCommitRetaining it performs retaining commits that is, # calling CommitTrans automatically starts a new transaction. Not all providers support this. # If not, we will have to start a new transaction by this command: self.transaction_level = self.connector.BeginTrans() except Exception as e: self._raiseConnectionError(api.ProgrammingError, e) def _rollback(self): """In case a database does provide transactions this method causes the the database to roll back to the start of any pending transaction. Closing a connection without committing the changes first will cause an implicit rollback to be performed. If the database does not support the functionality required by the method, the interface should throw an exception in case the method is used. The preferred approach is to not implement the method and thus have Python generate an AttributeError in case the method is requested. This allows the programmer to check for database capabilities using the standard hasattr() function. For some dynamically configured interfaces it may not be appropriate to require dynamically making the method available. These interfaces should then raise a NotSupportedError to indicate the non-ability to perform the roll back when the method is invoked. """ self.messages = [] if ( self.transaction_level ): # trying to roll back with no open transaction causes an error try: self.transaction_level = self.connector.RollbackTrans() if verbose > 1: print("rollback done on connection at %X" % id(self)) if not self._autocommit and not ( self.connector.Attributes & adc.adXactAbortRetaining ): # If attributes has adXactAbortRetaining it performs retaining aborts that is, # calling RollbackTrans automatically starts a new transaction. Not all providers support this. # If not, we will have to start a new transaction by this command: if ( not self.transaction_level ): # if self.transaction_level == 0 or self.transaction_level is None: self.transaction_level = self.connector.BeginTrans() except Exception as e: self._raiseConnectionError(api.ProgrammingError, e) def __setattr__(self, name, value): if name == "autocommit": # extension: allow user to turn autocommit on or off if self.supportsTransactions: object.__setattr__(self, "_autocommit", bool(value)) try: self._rollback() # must clear any outstanding transactions except: pass return elif name == "paramstyle": if value not in api.accepted_paramstyles: self._raiseConnectionError( api.NotSupportedError, 'paramstyle="%s" not in:%s' % (value, repr(api.accepted_paramstyles)), ) elif name == "variantConversions": value = copy.copy( value ) # make a new copy -- no changes in the default, please object.__setattr__(self, name, value) def __getattr__(self, item): if ( item == "rollback" ): # the rollback method only appears if the database supports transactions if self.supportsTransactions: return ( self._rollback ) # return the rollback method so the caller can execute it. else: raise AttributeError("this data provider does not support Rollback") elif item == "autocommit": return self._autocommit else: raise AttributeError( 'no such attribute in ADO connection object as="%s"' % item ) def cursor(self): "Return a new Cursor Object using the connection." self.messages = [] c = Cursor(self) return c def _i_am_here(self, crsr): "message from a new cursor proclaiming its existence" oid = id(crsr) self.cursors[oid] = crsr def _i_am_closing(self, crsr): "message from a cursor giving connection a chance to clean up" try: del self.cursors[id(crsr)] except: pass def printADOerrors(self): j = self.connector.Errors.Count if j: print("ADO Errors:(%i)" % j) for e in self.connector.Errors: print("Description: %s" % e.Description) print("Error: %s %s " % (e.Number, adc.adoErrors.get(e.Number, "unknown"))) if e.Number == adc.ado_error_TIMEOUT: print( "Timeout Error: Try using adodbpi.connect(constr,timeout=Nseconds)" ) print("Source: %s" % e.Source) print("NativeError: %s" % e.NativeError) print("SQL State: %s" % e.SQLState) def _suggest_error_class(self): """Introspect the current ADO Errors and determine an appropriate error class. Error.SQLState is a SQL-defined error condition, per the SQL specification: http://www.contrib.andrew.cmu.edu/~shadow/sql/sql1992.txt The 23000 class of errors are integrity errors. Error 40002 is a transactional integrity error. """ if self.connector is not None: for e in self.connector.Errors: state = str(e.SQLState) if state.startswith("23") or state == "40002": return api.IntegrityError return api.DatabaseError def __del__(self): try: self._closeAdoConnection() # v2.1 Rose except: pass self.connector = None def __enter__(self): # Connections are context managers return self def __exit__(self, exc_type, exc_val, exc_tb): if exc_type: self._rollback() # automatic rollback on errors else: self.commit() def get_table_names(self): schema = self.connector.OpenSchema(20) # constant = adSchemaTables tables = [] while not schema.EOF: name = getIndexedValue(schema.Fields, "TABLE_NAME").Value tables.append(name) schema.MoveNext() del schema return tables # # # # # ----- the Class that defines a cursor ----- # # # # # class Cursor(object): ## ** api required attributes: ## description... ## This read-only attribute is a sequence of 7-item sequences. ## Each of these sequences contains information describing one result column: ## (name, type_code, display_size, internal_size, precision, scale, null_ok). ## This attribute will be None for operations that do not return rows or if the ## cursor has not had an operation invoked via the executeXXX() method yet. ## The type_code can be interpreted by comparing it to the Type Objects specified in the section below. ## rowcount... ## This read-only attribute specifies the number of rows that the last executeXXX() produced ## (for DQL statements like select) or affected (for DML statements like update or insert). ## The attribute is -1 in case no executeXXX() has been performed on the cursor or ## the rowcount of the last operation is not determinable by the interface.[7] ## arraysize... ## This read/write attribute specifies the number of rows to fetch at a time with fetchmany(). ## It defaults to 1 meaning to fetch a single row at a time. ## Implementations must observe this value with respect to the fetchmany() method, ## but are free to interact with the database a single row at a time. ## It may also be used in the implementation of executemany(). ## ** extension attributes: ## paramstyle... ## allows the programmer to override the connection's default paramstyle ## errorhandler... ## allows the programmer to override the connection's default error handler def __init__(self, connection): self.command = None self._ado_prepared = False self.messages = [] self.connection = connection self.paramstyle = connection.paramstyle # used for overriding the paramstyle self._parameter_names = [] self.recordset_is_remote = False self.rs = None # the ADO recordset for this cursor self.converters = [] # conversion function for each column self.columnNames = {} # names of columns {lowercase name : number,...} self.numberOfColumns = 0 self._description = None self.rowcount = -1 self.errorhandler = connection.errorhandler self.arraysize = 1 connection._i_am_here(self) if verbose: print( "%s New cursor at %X on conn %X" % (version, id(self), id(self.connection)) ) def __iter__(self): # [2.1 Zamarev] return iter(self.fetchone, None) # [2.1 Zamarev] def prepare(self, operation): self.command = operation self._description = None self._ado_prepared = "setup" def __next__(self): r = self.fetchone() if r: return r raise StopIteration def __enter__(self): "Allow database cursors to be used with context managers." return self def __exit__(self, exc_type, exc_val, exc_tb): "Allow database cursors to be used with context managers." self.close() def _raiseCursorError(self, errorclass, errorvalue): eh = self.errorhandler if eh is None: eh = api.standardErrorHandler eh(self.connection, self, errorclass, errorvalue) def build_column_info(self, recordset): self.converters = [] # convertion function for each column self.columnNames = {} # names of columns {lowercase name : number,...} self._description = None # if EOF and BOF are true at the same time, there are no records in the recordset if (recordset is None) or (recordset.State == adc.adStateClosed): self.rs = None self.numberOfColumns = 0 return self.rs = recordset # v2.1.1 bkline self.recordset_format = api.RS_ARRAY if api.onIronPython else api.RS_WIN_32 self.numberOfColumns = recordset.Fields.Count try: varCon = self.connection.variantConversions except AttributeError: varCon = api.variantConversions for i in range(self.numberOfColumns): f = getIndexedValue(self.rs.Fields, i) try: self.converters.append( varCon[f.Type] ) # conversion function for this column except KeyError: self._raiseCursorError( api.InternalError, "Data column of Unknown ADO type=%s" % f.Type ) self.columnNames[f.Name.lower()] = i # columnNames lookup def _makeDescriptionFromRS(self): # Abort if closed or no recordset. if self.rs is None: self._description = None return desc = [] for i in range(self.numberOfColumns): f = getIndexedValue(self.rs.Fields, i) if self.rs.EOF or self.rs.BOF: display_size = None else: display_size = ( f.ActualSize ) # TODO: Is this the correct defintion according to the DB API 2 Spec ? null_ok = bool(f.Attributes & adc.adFldMayBeNull) # v2.1 Cole desc.append( ( f.Name, f.Type, display_size, f.DefinedSize, f.Precision, f.NumericScale, null_ok, ) ) self._description = desc def get_description(self): if not self._description: self._makeDescriptionFromRS() return self._description def __getattr__(self, item): if item == "description": return self.get_description() object.__getattribute__( self, item ) # may get here on Remote attribute calls for existing attributes def format_description(self, d): """Format db_api description tuple for printing.""" if self.description is None: self._makeDescriptionFromRS() if isinstance(d, int): d = self.description[d] desc = ( "Name= %s, Type= %s, DispSize= %s, IntSize= %s, Precision= %s, Scale= %s NullOK=%s" % ( d[0], adc.adTypeNames.get(d[1], str(d[1]) + " (unknown type)"), d[2], d[3], d[4], d[5], d[6], ) ) return desc def close(self, dont_tell_me=False): """Close the cursor now (rather than whenever __del__ is called). The cursor will be unusable from this point forward; an Error (or subclass) exception will be raised if any operation is attempted with the cursor. """ if self.connection is None: return self.messages = [] if ( self.rs and self.rs.State != adc.adStateClosed ): # rs exists and is open #v2.1 Rose self.rs.Close() # v2.1 Rose self.rs = None # let go of the recordset so ADO will let it be disposed #v2.1 Rose if not dont_tell_me: self.connection._i_am_closing( self ) # take me off the connection's cursors list self.connection = ( None # this will make all future method calls on me throw an exception ) if verbose: print("adodbapi Closed cursor at %X" % id(self)) def __del__(self): try: self.close() except: pass def _new_command(self, command_type=adc.adCmdText): self.cmd = None self.messages = [] if self.connection is None: self._raiseCursorError(api.InterfaceError, None) return try: self.cmd = Dispatch("ADODB.Command") self.cmd.ActiveConnection = self.connection.connector self.cmd.CommandTimeout = self.connection.timeout self.cmd.CommandType = command_type self.cmd.CommandText = self.commandText self.cmd.Prepared = bool(self._ado_prepared) except: self._raiseCursorError( api.DatabaseError, 'Error creating new ADODB.Command object for "%s"' % repr(self.commandText), ) def _execute_command(self): # Stored procedures may have an integer return value self.return_value = None recordset = None count = -1 # default value if verbose: print('Executing command="%s"' % self.commandText) try: # ----- the actual SQL is executed here --- if api.onIronPython: ra = Reference[int]() recordset = self.cmd.Execute(ra) count = ra.Value else: # pywin32 recordset, count = self.cmd.Execute() # ----- ------------------------------- --- except (Exception) as e: _message = "" if hasattr(e, "args"): _message += str(e.args) + "\n" _message += "Command:\n%s\nParameters:\n%s" % ( self.commandText, format_parameters(self.cmd.Parameters, True), ) klass = self.connection._suggest_error_class() self._raiseCursorError(klass, _message) try: self.rowcount = recordset.RecordCount except: self.rowcount = count self.build_column_info(recordset) # The ADO documentation hints that obtaining the recordcount may be timeconsuming # "If the Recordset object does not support approximate positioning, this property # may be a significant drain on resources # [ekelund] # Therefore, COM will not return rowcount for server-side cursors. [Cole] # Client-side cursors (the default since v2.8) will force a static # cursor, and rowcount will then be set accurately [Cole] def get_rowcount(self): return self.rowcount def get_returned_parameters(self): """with some providers, returned parameters and the .return_value are not available until after the last recordset has been read. In that case, you must coll nextset() until it returns None, then call this method to get your returned information.""" retLst = ( [] ) # store procedures may return altered parameters, including an added "return value" item for p in tuple(self.cmd.Parameters): if verbose > 2: print( 'Returned=Name: %s, Dir.: %s, Type: %s, Size: %s, Value: "%s",' " Precision: %s, NumericScale: %s" % ( p.Name, adc.directions[p.Direction], adc.adTypeNames.get(p.Type, str(p.Type) + " (unknown type)"), p.Size, p.Value, p.Precision, p.NumericScale, ) ) pyObject = api.convert_to_python(p.Value, api.variantConversions[p.Type]) if p.Direction == adc.adParamReturnValue: self.returnValue = ( pyObject # also load the undocumented attribute (Vernon's Error!) ) self.return_value = pyObject else: retLst.append(pyObject) return retLst # return the parameter list to the caller def callproc(self, procname, parameters=None): """Call a stored database procedure with the given name. The sequence of parameters must contain one entry for each argument that the sproc expects. The result of the call is returned as modified copy of the input sequence. Input parameters are left untouched, output and input/output parameters replaced with possibly new values. The sproc may also provide a result set as output, which is available through the standard .fetch*() methods. Extension: A "return_value" property may be set on the cursor if the sproc defines an integer return value. """ self._parameter_names = [] self.commandText = procname self._new_command(command_type=adc.adCmdStoredProc) self._buildADOparameterList(parameters, sproc=True) if verbose > 2: print( "Calling Stored Proc with Params=", format_parameters(self.cmd.Parameters, True), ) self._execute_command() return self.get_returned_parameters() def _reformat_operation(self, operation, parameters): if self.paramstyle in ("format", "pyformat"): # convert %s to ? operation, self._parameter_names = api.changeFormatToQmark(operation) elif self.paramstyle == "named" or ( self.paramstyle == "dynamic" and isinstance(parameters, Mapping) ): operation, self._parameter_names = api.changeNamedToQmark( operation ) # convert :name to ? return operation def _buildADOparameterList(self, parameters, sproc=False): self.parameters = parameters if parameters is None: parameters = [] # Note: ADO does not preserve the parameter list, even if "Prepared" is True, so we must build every time. parameters_known = False if sproc: # needed only if we are calling a stored procedure try: # attempt to use ADO's parameter list self.cmd.Parameters.Refresh() if verbose > 2: print( "ADO detected Params=", format_parameters(self.cmd.Parameters, True), ) print("Program Parameters=", repr(parameters)) parameters_known = True except api.Error: if verbose: print("ADO Parameter Refresh failed") pass else: if len(parameters) != self.cmd.Parameters.Count - 1: raise api.ProgrammingError( "You must supply %d parameters for this stored procedure" % (self.cmd.Parameters.Count - 1) ) if sproc or parameters != []: i = 0 if parameters_known: # use ado parameter list if self._parameter_names: # named parameters for i, pm_name in enumerate(self._parameter_names): p = getIndexedValue(self.cmd.Parameters, i) try: _configure_parameter( p, parameters[pm_name], p.Type, parameters_known ) except (Exception) as e: _message = ( "Error Converting Parameter %s: %s, %s <- %s\n" % ( p.Name, adc.ado_type_name(p.Type), p.Value, repr(parameters[pm_name]), ) ) self._raiseCursorError( api.DataError, _message + "->" + repr(e.args) ) else: # regular sequence of parameters for value in parameters: p = getIndexedValue(self.cmd.Parameters, i) if ( p.Direction == adc.adParamReturnValue ): # this is an extra parameter added by ADO i += 1 # skip the extra p = getIndexedValue(self.cmd.Parameters, i) try: _configure_parameter(p, value, p.Type, parameters_known) except Exception as e: _message = ( "Error Converting Parameter %s: %s, %s <- %s\n" % ( p.Name, adc.ado_type_name(p.Type), p.Value, repr(value), ) ) self._raiseCursorError( api.DataError, _message + "->" + repr(e.args) ) i += 1 else: # -- build own parameter list if ( self._parameter_names ): # we expect a dictionary of parameters, this is the list of expected names for parm_name in self._parameter_names: elem = parameters[parm_name] adotype = api.pyTypeToADOType(elem) p = self.cmd.CreateParameter( parm_name, adotype, adc.adParamInput ) _configure_parameter(p, elem, adotype, parameters_known) try: self.cmd.Parameters.Append(p) except Exception as e: _message = "Error Building Parameter %s: %s, %s <- %s\n" % ( p.Name, adc.ado_type_name(p.Type), p.Value, repr(elem), ) self._raiseCursorError( api.DataError, _message + "->" + repr(e.args) ) else: # expecting the usual sequence of parameters if sproc: p = self.cmd.CreateParameter( "@RETURN_VALUE", adc.adInteger, adc.adParamReturnValue ) self.cmd.Parameters.Append(p) for elem in parameters: name = "p%i" % i adotype = api.pyTypeToADOType(elem) p = self.cmd.CreateParameter( name, adotype, adc.adParamInput ) # Name, Type, Direction, Size, Value _configure_parameter(p, elem, adotype, parameters_known) try: self.cmd.Parameters.Append(p) except Exception as e: _message = "Error Building Parameter %s: %s, %s <- %s\n" % ( p.Name, adc.ado_type_name(p.Type), p.Value, repr(elem), ) self._raiseCursorError( api.DataError, _message + "->" + repr(e.args) ) i += 1 if self._ado_prepared == "setup": self._ado_prepared = ( True # parameters will be "known" by ADO next loop ) def execute(self, operation, parameters=None): """Prepare and execute a database operation (query or command). Parameters may be provided as sequence or mapping and will be bound to variables in the operation. Variables are specified in a database-specific notation (see the module's paramstyle attribute for details). [5] A reference to the operation will be retained by the cursor. If the same operation object is passed in again, then the cursor can optimize its behavior. This is most effective for algorithms where the same operation is used, but different parameters are bound to it (many times). For maximum efficiency when reusing an operation, it is best to use the setinputsizes() method to specify the parameter types and sizes ahead of time. It is legal for a parameter to not match the predefined information; the implementation should compensate, possibly with a loss of efficiency. The parameters may also be specified as list of tuples to e.g. insert multiple rows in a single operation, but this kind of usage is depreciated: executemany() should be used instead. Return value is not defined. [5] The module will use the __getitem__ method of the parameters object to map either positions (integers) or names (strings) to parameter values. This allows for both sequences and mappings to be used as input. The term "bound" refers to the process of binding an input value to a database execution buffer. In practical terms, this means that the input value is directly used as a value in the operation. The client should not be required to "escape" the value so that it can be used -- the value should be equal to the actual database value.""" if ( self.command is not operation or self._ado_prepared == "setup" or not hasattr(self, "commandText") ): if self.command is not operation: self._ado_prepared = False self.command = operation self._parameter_names = [] self.commandText = ( operation if (self.paramstyle == "qmark" or not parameters) else self._reformat_operation(operation, parameters) ) self._new_command() self._buildADOparameterList(parameters) if verbose > 3: print("Params=", format_parameters(self.cmd.Parameters, True)) self._execute_command() def executemany(self, operation, seq_of_parameters): """Prepare a database operation (query or command) and then execute it against all parameter sequences or mappings found in the sequence seq_of_parameters. Return values are not defined. """ self.messages = list() total_recordcount = 0 self.prepare(operation) for params in seq_of_parameters: self.execute(self.command, params) if self.rowcount == -1: total_recordcount = -1 if total_recordcount != -1: total_recordcount += self.rowcount self.rowcount = total_recordcount def _fetch(self, limit=None): """Fetch rows from the current recordset. limit -- Number of rows to fetch, or None (default) to fetch all rows. """ if self.connection is None or self.rs is None: self._raiseCursorError( api.FetchFailedError, "fetch() on closed connection or empty query set" ) return if self.rs.State == adc.adStateClosed or self.rs.BOF or self.rs.EOF: return list() if limit: # limit number of rows retrieved ado_results = self.rs.GetRows(limit) else: # get all rows ado_results = self.rs.GetRows() if ( self.recordset_format == api.RS_ARRAY ): # result of GetRows is a two-dimension array length = ( len(ado_results) // self.numberOfColumns ) # length of first dimension else: # pywin32 length = len(ado_results[0]) # result of GetRows is tuples in a tuple fetchObject = api.SQLrows( ado_results, length, self ) # new object to hold the results of the fetch return fetchObject def fetchone(self): """Fetch the next row of a query result set, returning a single sequence, or None when no more data is available. An Error (or subclass) exception is raised if the previous call to executeXXX() did not produce any result set or no call was issued yet. """ self.messages = [] result = self._fetch(1) if result: # return record (not list of records) return result[0] return None def fetchmany(self, size=None): """Fetch the next set of rows of a query result, returning a list of tuples. An empty sequence is returned when no more rows are available. The number of rows to fetch per call is specified by the parameter. If it is not given, the cursor's arraysize determines the number of rows to be fetched. The method should try to fetch as many rows as indicated by the size parameter. If this is not possible due to the specified number of rows not being available, fewer rows may be returned. An Error (or subclass) exception is raised if the previous call to executeXXX() did not produce any result set or no call was issued yet. Note there are performance considerations involved with the size parameter. For optimal performance, it is usually best to use the arraysize attribute. If the size parameter is used, then it is best for it to retain the same value from one fetchmany() call to the next. """ self.messages = [] if size is None: size = self.arraysize return self._fetch(size) def fetchall(self): """Fetch all (remaining) rows of a query result, returning them as a sequence of sequences (e.g. a list of tuples). Note that the cursor's arraysize attribute can affect the performance of this operation. An Error (or subclass) exception is raised if the previous call to executeXXX() did not produce any result set or no call was issued yet. """ self.messages = [] return self._fetch() def nextset(self): """Skip to the next available recordset, discarding any remaining rows from the current recordset. If there are no more sets, the method returns None. Otherwise, it returns a true value and subsequent calls to the fetch methods will return rows from the next result set. An Error (or subclass) exception is raised if the previous call to executeXXX() did not produce any result set or no call was issued yet. """ self.messages = [] if self.connection is None or self.rs is None: self._raiseCursorError( api.OperationalError, ("nextset() on closed connection or empty query set"), ) return None if api.onIronPython: try: recordset = self.rs.NextRecordset() except TypeError: recordset = None except api.Error as exc: self._raiseCursorError(api.NotSupportedError, exc.args) else: # pywin32 try: # [begin 2.1 ekelund] rsTuple = self.rs.NextRecordset() # except pywintypes.com_error as exc: # return appropriate error self._raiseCursorError( api.NotSupportedError, exc.args ) # [end 2.1 ekelund] recordset = rsTuple[0] if recordset is None: return None self.build_column_info(recordset) return True def setinputsizes(self, sizes): pass def setoutputsize(self, size, column=None): pass def _last_query(self): # let the programmer see what query we actually used try: if self.parameters == None: ret = self.commandText else: ret = "%s,parameters=%s" % (self.commandText, repr(self.parameters)) except: ret = None return ret query = property(_last_query, None, None, "returns the last query executed") if __name__ == "__main__": raise api.ProgrammingError(version + " cannot be run as a main program.")