Hướng dẫn python call random function - python gọi hàm ngẫu nhiên

Chức năng kế toán

Khởi tạo trình tạo số ngẫu nhiên.

Nếu A bị bỏ qua hoặc

          x ** (alpha - 1) * math.exp(-x / beta)
pdf(x) =  --------------------------------------
            math.gamma(alpha) * beta ** alpha

          x ** (alpha - 1) * math.exp(-x / beta)
pdf(x) =  --------------------------------------
            math.gamma(alpha) * beta ** alpha

Nếu A là INT, nó được sử dụng trực tiếp.

Với phiên bản 2 (mặc định), đối tượng

          x ** (alpha - 1) * math.exp(-x / beta)
pdf(x) =  --------------------------------------
            math.gamma(alpha) * beta ** alpha

>>> random()                             # Random float:  0.0 <= x < 1.0
0.37444887175646646

>>> uniform(2.5, 10.0)                   # Random float:  2.5 <= x <= 10.0
3.1800146073117523

>>> expovariate(1 / 5)                   # Interval between arrivals averaging 5 seconds
5.148957571865031

>>> randrange(10)                        # Integer from 0 to 9 inclusive
7

>>> randrange(0, 101, 2)                 # Even integer from 0 to 100 inclusive
26

>>> choice(['win', 'lose', 'draw'])      # Single random element from a sequence
'draw'

>>> deck = 'ace two three four'.split()
>>> shuffle(deck)                        # Shuffle a list
>>> deck
['four', 'two', 'ace', 'three']

>>> sample([10, 20, 30, 40, 50], k=4)    # Four samples without replacement
[40, 10, 50, 30]

>>> random()                             # Random float:  0.0 <= x < 1.0
0.37444887175646646

>>> uniform(2.5, 10.0)                   # Random float:  2.5 <= x <= 10.0
3.1800146073117523

>>> expovariate(1 / 5)                   # Interval between arrivals averaging 5 seconds
5.148957571865031

>>> randrange(10)                        # Integer from 0 to 9 inclusive
7

>>> randrange(0, 101, 2)                 # Even integer from 0 to 100 inclusive
26

>>> choice(['win', 'lose', 'draw'])      # Single random element from a sequence
'draw'

>>> deck = 'ace two three four'.split()
>>> shuffle(deck)                        # Shuffle a list
>>> deck
['four', 'two', 'ace', 'three']

>>> sample([10, 20, 30, 40, 50], k=4)    # Four samples without replacement
[40, 10, 50, 30]

>>> random()                             # Random float:  0.0 <= x < 1.0
0.37444887175646646

>>> uniform(2.5, 10.0)                   # Random float:  2.5 <= x <= 10.0
3.1800146073117523

>>> expovariate(1 / 5)                   # Interval between arrivals averaging 5 seconds
5.148957571865031

>>> randrange(10)                        # Integer from 0 to 9 inclusive
7

>>> randrange(0, 101, 2)                 # Even integer from 0 to 100 inclusive
26

>>> choice(['win', 'lose', 'draw'])      # Single random element from a sequence
'draw'

>>> deck = 'ace two three four'.split()
>>> shuffle(deck)                        # Shuffle a list
>>> deck
['four', 'two', 'ace', 'three']

>>> sample([10, 20, 30, 40, 50], k=4)    # Four samples without replacement
[40, 10, 50, 30]

Với phiên bản 1 (được cung cấp để tái tạo các chuỗi ngẫu nhiên từ các phiên bản Python cũ hơn), thuật toán cho

          x ** (alpha - 1) * math.exp(-x / beta)
pdf(x) =  --------------------------------------
            math.gamma(alpha) * beta ** alpha

>>> random()                             # Random float:  0.0 <= x < 1.0
0.37444887175646646

>>> uniform(2.5, 10.0)                   # Random float:  2.5 <= x <= 10.0
3.1800146073117523

>>> expovariate(1 / 5)                   # Interval between arrivals averaging 5 seconds
5.148957571865031

>>> randrange(10)                        # Integer from 0 to 9 inclusive
7

>>> randrange(0, 101, 2)                 # Even integer from 0 to 100 inclusive
26

>>> choice(['win', 'lose', 'draw'])      # Single random element from a sequence
'draw'

>>> deck = 'ace two three four'.split()
>>> shuffle(deck)                        # Shuffle a list
>>> deck
['four', 'two', 'ace', 'three']

>>> sample([10, 20, 30, 40, 50], k=4)    # Four samples without replacement
[40, 10, 50, 30]

Đã thay đổi trong phiên bản 3.2: Đã chuyển sang sơ đồ phiên bản 2 sử dụng tất cả các bit trong hạt giống.Moved to the version 2 scheme which uses all of the bits in a string seed.

Đã không dùng từ phiên bản 3.9: Trong tương lai, hạt giống phải là một trong các loại sau: Nonetype,

>>> random()                             # Random float:  0.0 <= x < 1.0
0.37444887175646646

>>> uniform(2.5, 10.0)                   # Random float:  2.5 <= x <= 10.0
3.1800146073117523

>>> expovariate(1 / 5)                   # Interval between arrivals averaging 5 seconds
5.148957571865031

>>> randrange(10)                        # Integer from 0 to 9 inclusive
7

>>> randrange(0, 101, 2)                 # Even integer from 0 to 100 inclusive
26

>>> choice(['win', 'lose', 'draw'])      # Single random element from a sequence
'draw'

>>> deck = 'ace two three four'.split()
>>> shuffle(deck)                        # Shuffle a list
>>> deck
['four', 'two', 'ace', 'three']

>>> sample([10, 20, 30, 40, 50], k=4)    # Four samples without replacement
[40, 10, 50, 30]

>>> random()                             # Random float:  0.0 <= x < 1.0
0.37444887175646646

>>> uniform(2.5, 10.0)                   # Random float:  2.5 <= x <= 10.0
3.1800146073117523

>>> expovariate(1 / 5)                   # Interval between arrivals averaging 5 seconds
5.148957571865031

>>> randrange(10)                        # Integer from 0 to 9 inclusive
7

>>> randrange(0, 101, 2)                 # Even integer from 0 to 100 inclusive
26

>>> choice(['win', 'lose', 'draw'])      # Single random element from a sequence
'draw'

>>> deck = 'ace two three four'.split()
>>> shuffle(deck)                        # Shuffle a list
>>> deck
['four', 'two', 'ace', 'three']

>>> sample([10, 20, 30, 40, 50], k=4)    # Four samples without replacement
[40, 10, 50, 30]

          x ** (alpha - 1) * math.exp(-x / beta)
pdf(x) =  --------------------------------------
            math.gamma(alpha) * beta ** alpha

>>> random()                             # Random float:  0.0 <= x < 1.0
0.37444887175646646

>>> uniform(2.5, 10.0)                   # Random float:  2.5 <= x <= 10.0
3.1800146073117523

>>> expovariate(1 / 5)                   # Interval between arrivals averaging 5 seconds
5.148957571865031

>>> randrange(10)                        # Integer from 0 to 9 inclusive
7

>>> randrange(0, 101, 2)                 # Even integer from 0 to 100 inclusive
26

>>> choice(['win', 'lose', 'draw'])      # Single random element from a sequence
'draw'

>>> deck = 'ace two three four'.split()
>>> shuffle(deck)                        # Shuffle a list
>>> deck
['four', 'two', 'ace', 'three']

>>> sample([10, 20, 30, 40, 50], k=4)    # Four samples without replacement
[40, 10, 50, 30]

>>> random()                             # Random float:  0.0 <= x < 1.0
0.37444887175646646

>>> uniform(2.5, 10.0)                   # Random float:  2.5 <= x <= 10.0
3.1800146073117523

>>> expovariate(1 / 5)                   # Interval between arrivals averaging 5 seconds
5.148957571865031

>>> randrange(10)                        # Integer from 0 to 9 inclusive
7

>>> randrange(0, 101, 2)                 # Even integer from 0 to 100 inclusive
26

>>> choice(['win', 'lose', 'draw'])      # Single random element from a sequence
'draw'

>>> deck = 'ace two three four'.split()
>>> shuffle(deck)                        # Shuffle a list
>>> deck
['four', 'two', 'ace', 'three']

>>> sample([10, 20, 30, 40, 50], k=4)    # Four samples without replacement
[40, 10, 50, 30]

>>> random()                             # Random float:  0.0 <= x < 1.0
0.37444887175646646

>>> uniform(2.5, 10.0)                   # Random float:  2.5 <= x <= 10.0
3.1800146073117523

>>> expovariate(1 / 5)                   # Interval between arrivals averaging 5 seconds
5.148957571865031

>>> randrange(10)                        # Integer from 0 to 9 inclusive
7

>>> randrange(0, 101, 2)                 # Even integer from 0 to 100 inclusive
26

>>> choice(['win', 'lose', 'draw'])      # Single random element from a sequence
'draw'

>>> deck = 'ace two three four'.split()
>>> shuffle(deck)                        # Shuffle a list
>>> deck
['four', 'two', 'ace', 'three']

>>> sample([10, 20, 30, 40, 50], k=4)    # Four samples without replacement
[40, 10, 50, 30]

>>> random()                             # Random float:  0.0 <= x < 1.0
0.37444887175646646

>>> uniform(2.5, 10.0)                   # Random float:  2.5 <= x <= 10.0
3.1800146073117523

>>> expovariate(1 / 5)                   # Interval between arrivals averaging 5 seconds
5.148957571865031

>>> randrange(10)                        # Integer from 0 to 9 inclusive
7

>>> randrange(0, 101, 2)                 # Even integer from 0 to 100 inclusive
26

>>> choice(['win', 'lose', 'draw'])      # Single random element from a sequence
'draw'

>>> deck = 'ace two three four'.split()
>>> shuffle(deck)                        # Shuffle a list
>>> deck
['four', 'two', 'ace', 'three']

>>> sample([10, 20, 30, 40, 50], k=4)    # Four samples without replacement
[40, 10, 50, 30]

          x ** (alpha - 1) * math.exp(-x / beta)
pdf(x) =  --------------------------------------
            math.gamma(alpha) * beta ** alpha

>>> random()                             # Random float:  0.0 <= x < 1.0
0.37444887175646646

>>> uniform(2.5, 10.0)                   # Random float:  2.5 <= x <= 10.0
3.1800146073117523

>>> expovariate(1 / 5)                   # Interval between arrivals averaging 5 seconds
5.148957571865031

>>> randrange(10)                        # Integer from 0 to 9 inclusive
7

>>> randrange(0, 101, 2)                 # Even integer from 0 to 100 inclusive
26

>>> choice(['win', 'lose', 'draw'])      # Single random element from a sequence
'draw'

>>> deck = 'ace two three four'.split()
>>> shuffle(deck)                        # Shuffle a list
>>> deck
['four', 'two', 'ace', 'three']

>>> sample([10, 20, 30, 40, 50], k=4)    # Four samples without replacement
[40, 10, 50, 30]

>>> random()                             # Random float:  0.0 <= x < 1.0
0.37444887175646646

>>> uniform(2.5, 10.0)                   # Random float:  2.5 <= x <= 10.0
3.1800146073117523

>>> expovariate(1 / 5)                   # Interval between arrivals averaging 5 seconds
5.148957571865031

>>> randrange(10)                        # Integer from 0 to 9 inclusive
7

>>> randrange(0, 101, 2)                 # Even integer from 0 to 100 inclusive
26

>>> choice(['win', 'lose', 'draw'])      # Single random element from a sequence
'draw'

>>> deck = 'ace two three four'.split()
>>> shuffle(deck)                        # Shuffle a list
>>> deck
['four', 'two', 'ace', 'three']

>>> sample([10, 20, 30, 40, 50], k=4)    # Four samples without replacement
[40, 10, 50, 30]

Trả về một đối tượng chụp trạng thái bên trong hiện tại của trình tạo. Đối tượng này có thể được chuyển sang

C:\Windows\system32\cmd.exe /c python random_func.py

This is func_test_1.

This is func_test_2.

This is func_test_3.

Hit any key to close this window...

Nhà nước đáng lẽ phải được lấy từ một cuộc gọi trước đó đến

C:\Windows\system32\cmd.exe /c python random_func.py

This is func_test_1.

This is func_test_2.

This is func_test_3.

Hit any key to close this window...

C:\Windows\system32\cmd.exe /c python random_func.py

This is func_test_1.

This is func_test_2.

This is func_test_3.

Hit any key to close this window...

C:\Windows\system32\cmd.exe /c python random_func.py

This is func_test_1.

This is func_test_2.

This is func_test_3.

Hit any key to close this window...

Chức năng cho byte¶

Tạo n ngẫu nhiên byte.

Phương pháp này không nên được sử dụng để tạo mã thông báo bảo mật. Sử dụng

# https://www.thoughtco.com/example-of-bootstrapping-3126155
from statistics import fmean as mean
from random import choices

data = [41, 50, 29, 37, 81, 30, 73, 63, 20, 35, 68, 22, 60, 31, 95]
means = sorted(mean(choices(data, k=len(data))) for i in range(100))
print(f'The sample mean of {mean(data):.1f} has a 90% confidence '
      f'interval from {means[5]:.1f} to {means[94]:.1f}')

Mới trong phiên bản 3.9.

Chức năng cho số nguyên

          x ** (alpha - 1) * math.exp(-x / beta)
pdf(x) =  --------------------------------------
            math.gamma(alpha) * beta ** alpha

# https://www.thoughtco.com/example-of-bootstrapping-3126155
from statistics import fmean as mean
from random import choices

data = [41, 50, 29, 37, 81, 30, 73, 63, 20, 35, 68, 22, 60, 31, 95]
means = sorted(mean(choices(data, k=len(data))) for i in range(100))
print(f'The sample mean of {mean(data):.1f} has a 90% confidence '
      f'interval from {means[5]:.1f} to {means[94]:.1f}')

Trả về một phần tử được chọn ngẫu nhiên từ

# https://www.thoughtco.com/example-of-bootstrapping-3126155
from statistics import fmean as mean
from random import choices

data = [41, 50, 29, 37, 81, 30, 73, 63, 20, 35, 68, 22, 60, 31, 95]
means = sorted(mean(choices(data, k=len(data))) for i in range(100))
print(f'The sample mean of {mean(data):.1f} has a 90% confidence '
      f'interval from {means[5]:.1f} to {means[94]:.1f}')

# https://www.thoughtco.com/example-of-bootstrapping-3126155
from statistics import fmean as mean
from random import choices

data = [41, 50, 29, 37, 81, 30, 73, 63, 20, 35, 68, 22, 60, 31, 95]
means = sorted(mean(choices(data, k=len(data))) for i in range(100))
print(f'The sample mean of {mean(data):.1f} has a 90% confidence '
      f'interval from {means[5]:.1f} to {means[94]:.1f}')

Các mẫu đối số vị trí phù hợp với

# https://www.thoughtco.com/example-of-bootstrapping-3126155
from statistics import fmean as mean
from random import choices

data = [41, 50, 29, 37, 81, 30, 73, 63, 20, 35, 68, 22, 60, 31, 95]
means = sorted(mean(choices(data, k=len(data))) for i in range(100))
print(f'The sample mean of {mean(data):.1f} has a 90% confidence '
      f'interval from {means[5]:.1f} to {means[94]:.1f}')

Đã thay đổi trong phiên bản 3.2:

          x ** (alpha - 1) * math.exp(-x / beta)
pdf(x) =  --------------------------------------
            math.gamma(alpha) * beta ** alpha

# https://www.thoughtco.com/example-of-bootstrapping-3126155
from statistics import fmean as mean
from random import choices

data = [41, 50, 29, 37, 81, 30, 73, 63, 20, 35, 68, 22, 60, 31, 95]
means = sorted(mean(choices(data, k=len(data))) for i in range(100))
print(f'The sample mean of {mean(data):.1f} has a 90% confidence '
      f'interval from {means[5]:.1f} to {means[94]:.1f}')

          x ** (alpha - 1) * math.exp(-x / beta)
pdf(x) =  --------------------------------------
            math.gamma(alpha) * beta ** alpha

# https://www.thoughtco.com/example-of-bootstrapping-3126155
from statistics import fmean as mean
from random import choices

data = [41, 50, 29, 37, 81, 30, 73, 63, 20, 35, 68, 22, 60, 31, 95]
means = sorted(mean(choices(data, k=len(data))) for i in range(100))
print(f'The sample mean of {mean(data):.1f} has a 90% confidence '
      f'interval from {means[5]:.1f} to {means[94]:.1f}')

Không dùng nữa kể từ phiên bản 3.10: Chuyển đổi tự động các loại không nguyên thành các số nguyên tương đương được không dùng nữa. Hiện tại

# Example from "Statistics is Easy" by Dennis Shasha and Manda Wilson
from statistics import fmean as mean
from random import shuffle

drug = [54, 73, 53, 70, 73, 68, 52, 65, 65]
placebo = [54, 51, 58, 44, 55, 52, 42, 47, 58, 46]
observed_diff = mean(drug) - mean(placebo)

n = 10_000
count = 0
combined = drug + placebo
for i in range(n):
    shuffle(combined)
    new_diff = mean(combined[:len(drug)]) - mean(combined[len(drug):])
    count += (new_diff >= observed_diff)

print(f'{n} label reshufflings produced only {count} instances with a difference')
print(f'at least as extreme as the observed difference of {observed_diff:.1f}.')
print(f'The one-sided p-value of {count / n:.4f} leads us to reject the null')
print(f'hypothesis that there is no difference between the drug and the placebo.')

# Example from "Statistics is Easy" by Dennis Shasha and Manda Wilson
from statistics import fmean as mean
from random import shuffle

drug = [54, 73, 53, 70, 73, 68, 52, 65, 65]
placebo = [54, 51, 58, 44, 55, 52, 42, 47, 58, 46]
observed_diff = mean(drug) - mean(placebo)

n = 10_000
count = 0
combined = drug + placebo
for i in range(n):
    shuffle(combined)
    new_diff = mean(combined[:len(drug)]) - mean(combined[len(drug):])
    count += (new_diff >= observed_diff)

print(f'{n} label reshufflings produced only {count} instances with a difference')
print(f'at least as extreme as the observed difference of {observed_diff:.1f}.')
print(f'The one-sided p-value of {count / n:.4f} leads us to reject the null')
print(f'hypothesis that there is no difference between the drug and the placebo.')

# Example from "Statistics is Easy" by Dennis Shasha and Manda Wilson
from statistics import fmean as mean
from random import shuffle

drug = [54, 73, 53, 70, 73, 68, 52, 65, 65]
placebo = [54, 51, 58, 44, 55, 52, 42, 47, 58, 46]
observed_diff = mean(drug) - mean(placebo)

n = 10_000
count = 0
combined = drug + placebo
for i in range(n):
    shuffle(combined)
    new_diff = mean(combined[:len(drug)]) - mean(combined[len(drug):])
    count += (new_diff >= observed_diff)

print(f'{n} label reshufflings produced only {count} instances with a difference')
print(f'at least as extreme as the observed difference of {observed_diff:.1f}.')
print(f'The one-sided p-value of {count / n:.4f} leads us to reject the null')
print(f'hypothesis that there is no difference between the drug and the placebo.')

# Example from "Statistics is Easy" by Dennis Shasha and Manda Wilson
from statistics import fmean as mean
from random import shuffle

drug = [54, 73, 53, 70, 73, 68, 52, 65, 65]
placebo = [54, 51, 58, 44, 55, 52, 42, 47, 58, 46]
observed_diff = mean(drug) - mean(placebo)

n = 10_000
count = 0
combined = drug + placebo
for i in range(n):
    shuffle(combined)
    new_diff = mean(combined[:len(drug)]) - mean(combined[len(drug):])
    count += (new_diff >= observed_diff)

print(f'{n} label reshufflings produced only {count} instances with a difference')
print(f'at least as extreme as the observed difference of {observed_diff:.1f}.')
print(f'The one-sided p-value of {count / n:.4f} leads us to reject the null')
print(f'hypothesis that there is no difference between the drug and the placebo.')

# Example from "Statistics is Easy" by Dennis Shasha and Manda Wilson
from statistics import fmean as mean
from random import shuffle

drug = [54, 73, 53, 70, 73, 68, 52, 65, 65]
placebo = [54, 51, 58, 44, 55, 52, 42, 47, 58, 46]
observed_diff = mean(drug) - mean(placebo)

n = 10_000
count = 0
combined = drug + placebo
for i in range(n):
    shuffle(combined)
    new_diff = mean(combined[:len(drug)]) - mean(combined[len(drug):])
    count += (new_diff >= observed_diff)

print(f'{n} label reshufflings produced only {count} instances with a difference')
print(f'at least as extreme as the observed difference of {observed_diff:.1f}.')
print(f'The one-sided p-value of {count / n:.4f} leads us to reject the null')
print(f'hypothesis that there is no difference between the drug and the placebo.')

# Example from "Statistics is Easy" by Dennis Shasha and Manda Wilson
from statistics import fmean as mean
from random import shuffle

drug = [54, 73, 53, 70, 73, 68, 52, 65, 65]
placebo = [54, 51, 58, 44, 55, 52, 42, 47, 58, 46]
observed_diff = mean(drug) - mean(placebo)

n = 10_000
count = 0
combined = drug + placebo
for i in range(n):
    shuffle(combined)
    new_diff = mean(combined[:len(drug)]) - mean(combined[len(drug):])
    count += (new_diff >= observed_diff)

print(f'{n} label reshufflings produced only {count} instances with a difference')
print(f'at least as extreme as the observed difference of {observed_diff:.1f}.')
print(f'The one-sided p-value of {count / n:.4f} leads us to reject the null')
print(f'hypothesis that there is no difference between the drug and the placebo.')

Không dùng nữa kể từ phiên bản 3.10: Ngoại lệ được nâng lên đối với các giá trị không tích hợp như

# Example from "Statistics is Easy" by Dennis Shasha and Manda Wilson
from statistics import fmean as mean
from random import shuffle

drug = [54, 73, 53, 70, 73, 68, 52, 65, 65]
placebo = [54, 51, 58, 44, 55, 52, 42, 47, 58, 46]
observed_diff = mean(drug) - mean(placebo)

n = 10_000
count = 0
combined = drug + placebo
for i in range(n):
    shuffle(combined)
    new_diff = mean(combined[:len(drug)]) - mean(combined[len(drug):])
    count += (new_diff >= observed_diff)

print(f'{n} label reshufflings produced only {count} instances with a difference')
print(f'at least as extreme as the observed difference of {observed_diff:.1f}.')
print(f'The one-sided p-value of {count / n:.4f} leads us to reject the null')
print(f'hypothesis that there is no difference between the drug and the placebo.')

# Example from "Statistics is Easy" by Dennis Shasha and Manda Wilson
from statistics import fmean as mean
from random import shuffle

drug = [54, 73, 53, 70, 73, 68, 52, 65, 65]
placebo = [54, 51, 58, 44, 55, 52, 42, 47, 58, 46]
observed_diff = mean(drug) - mean(placebo)

n = 10_000
count = 0
combined = drug + placebo
for i in range(n):
    shuffle(combined)
    new_diff = mean(combined[:len(drug)]) - mean(combined[len(drug):])
    count += (new_diff >= observed_diff)

print(f'{n} label reshufflings produced only {count} instances with a difference')
print(f'at least as extreme as the observed difference of {observed_diff:.1f}.')
print(f'The one-sided p-value of {count / n:.4f} leads us to reject the null')
print(f'hypothesis that there is no difference between the drug and the placebo.')

# Example from "Statistics is Easy" by Dennis Shasha and Manda Wilson
from statistics import fmean as mean
from random import shuffle

drug = [54, 73, 53, 70, 73, 68, 52, 65, 65]
placebo = [54, 51, 58, 44, 55, 52, 42, 47, 58, 46]
observed_diff = mean(drug) - mean(placebo)

n = 10_000
count = 0
combined = drug + placebo
for i in range(n):
    shuffle(combined)
    new_diff = mean(combined[:len(drug)]) - mean(combined[len(drug):])
    count += (new_diff >= observed_diff)

print(f'{n} label reshufflings produced only {count} instances with a difference')
print(f'at least as extreme as the observed difference of {observed_diff:.1f}.')
print(f'The one-sided p-value of {count / n:.4f} leads us to reject the null')
print(f'hypothesis that there is no difference between the drug and the placebo.')

# Example from "Statistics is Easy" by Dennis Shasha and Manda Wilson
from statistics import fmean as mean
from random import shuffle

drug = [54, 73, 53, 70, 73, 68, 52, 65, 65]
placebo = [54, 51, 58, 44, 55, 52, 42, 47, 58, 46]
observed_diff = mean(drug) - mean(placebo)

n = 10_000
count = 0
combined = drug + placebo
for i in range(n):
    shuffle(combined)
    new_diff = mean(combined[:len(drug)]) - mean(combined[len(drug):])
    count += (new_diff >= observed_diff)

print(f'{n} label reshufflings produced only {count} instances with a difference')
print(f'at least as extreme as the observed difference of {observed_diff:.1f}.')
print(f'The one-sided p-value of {count / n:.4f} leads us to reject the null')
print(f'hypothesis that there is no difference between the drug and the placebo.')

# Example from "Statistics is Easy" by Dennis Shasha and Manda Wilson
from statistics import fmean as mean
from random import shuffle

drug = [54, 73, 53, 70, 73, 68, 52, 65, 65]
placebo = [54, 51, 58, 44, 55, 52, 42, 47, 58, 46]
observed_diff = mean(drug) - mean(placebo)

n = 10_000
count = 0
combined = drug + placebo
for i in range(n):
    shuffle(combined)
    new_diff = mean(combined[:len(drug)]) - mean(combined[len(drug):])
    count += (new_diff >= observed_diff)

print(f'{n} label reshufflings produced only {count} instances with a difference')
print(f'at least as extreme as the observed difference of {observed_diff:.1f}.')
print(f'The one-sided p-value of {count / n:.4f} leads us to reject the null')
print(f'hypothesis that there is no difference between the drug and the placebo.')

# Example from "Statistics is Easy" by Dennis Shasha and Manda Wilson
from statistics import fmean as mean
from random import shuffle

drug = [54, 73, 53, 70, 73, 68, 52, 65, 65]
placebo = [54, 51, 58, 44, 55, 52, 42, 47, 58, 46]
observed_diff = mean(drug) - mean(placebo)

n = 10_000
count = 0
combined = drug + placebo
for i in range(n):
    shuffle(combined)
    new_diff = mean(combined[:len(drug)]) - mean(combined[len(drug):])
    count += (new_diff >= observed_diff)

print(f'{n} label reshufflings produced only {count} instances with a difference')
print(f'at least as extreme as the observed difference of {observed_diff:.1f}.')
print(f'The one-sided p-value of {count / n:.4f} leads us to reject the null')
print(f'hypothesis that there is no difference between the drug and the placebo.')

# Example from "Statistics is Easy" by Dennis Shasha and Manda Wilson
from statistics import fmean as mean
from random import shuffle

drug = [54, 73, 53, 70, 73, 68, 52, 65, 65]
placebo = [54, 51, 58, 44, 55, 52, 42, 47, 58, 46]
observed_diff = mean(drug) - mean(placebo)

n = 10_000
count = 0
combined = drug + placebo
for i in range(n):
    shuffle(combined)
    new_diff = mean(combined[:len(drug)]) - mean(combined[len(drug):])
    count += (new_diff >= observed_diff)

print(f'{n} label reshufflings produced only {count} instances with a difference')
print(f'at least as extreme as the observed difference of {observed_diff:.1f}.')
print(f'The one-sided p-value of {count / n:.4f} leads us to reject the null')
print(f'hypothesis that there is no difference between the drug and the placebo.')

# Example from "Statistics is Easy" by Dennis Shasha and Manda Wilson
from statistics import fmean as mean
from random import shuffle

drug = [54, 73, 53, 70, 73, 68, 52, 65, 65]
placebo = [54, 51, 58, 44, 55, 52, 42, 47, 58, 46]
observed_diff = mean(drug) - mean(placebo)

n = 10_000
count = 0
combined = drug + placebo
for i in range(n):
    shuffle(combined)
    new_diff = mean(combined[:len(drug)]) - mean(combined[len(drug):])
    count += (new_diff >= observed_diff)

print(f'{n} label reshufflings produced only {count} instances with a difference')
print(f'at least as extreme as the observed difference of {observed_diff:.1f}.')
print(f'The one-sided p-value of {count / n:.4f} leads us to reject the null')
print(f'hypothesis that there is no difference between the drug and the placebo.')

Trả về một số nguyên ngẫu nhiên n sao cho

# Example from "Statistics is Easy" by Dennis Shasha and Manda Wilson
from statistics import fmean as mean
from random import shuffle

drug = [54, 73, 53, 70, 73, 68, 52, 65, 65]
placebo = [54, 51, 58, 44, 55, 52, 42, 47, 58, 46]
observed_diff = mean(drug) - mean(placebo)

n = 10_000
count = 0
combined = drug + placebo
for i in range(n):
    shuffle(combined)
    new_diff = mean(combined[:len(drug)]) - mean(combined[len(drug):])
    count += (new_diff >= observed_diff)

print(f'{n} label reshufflings produced only {count} instances with a difference')
print(f'at least as extreme as the observed difference of {observed_diff:.1f}.')
print(f'The one-sided p-value of {count / n:.4f} leads us to reject the null')
print(f'hypothesis that there is no difference between the drug and the placebo.')

from heapq import heapify, heapreplace
from random import expovariate, gauss
from statistics import mean, quantiles

average_arrival_interval = 5.6
average_service_time = 15.0
stdev_service_time = 3.5
num_servers = 3

waits = []
arrival_time = 0.0
servers = [0.0] * num_servers  # time when each server becomes available
heapify(servers)
for i in range(1_000_000):
    arrival_time += expovariate(1.0 / average_arrival_interval)
    next_server_available = servers[0]
    wait = max(0.0, next_server_available - arrival_time)
    waits.append(wait)
    service_duration = max(0.0, gauss(average_service_time, stdev_service_time))
    service_completed = arrival_time + wait + service_duration
    heapreplace(servers, service_completed)

print(f'Mean wait: {mean(waits):.1f}   Max wait: {max(waits):.1f}')
print('Quartiles:', [round(q, 1) for q in quantiles(waits)])

Trả về một số nguyên python không âm với K BIT ngẫu nhiên. Phương pháp này được cung cấp với Trình tạo Mersennetwister và một số trình tạo khác cũng có thể cung cấp nó như một phần tùy chọn của API. Khi có sẵn,

C:\Windows\system32\cmd.exe /c python random_func.py

This is func_test_1.

This is func_test_2.

This is func_test_3.

Hit any key to close this window...

          x ** (alpha - 1) * math.exp(-x / beta)
pdf(x) =  --------------------------------------
            math.gamma(alpha) * beta ** alpha

Đã thay đổi trong phiên bản 3.9: Phương pháp này hiện không chấp nhận số 0 cho k.This method now accepts zero for k.

Chức năng cho trình tự lor

Trả về một phần tử ngẫu nhiên từ chuỗi không trống seq. Nếu SEQ trống, tăng

from heapq import heapify, heapreplace
from random import expovariate, gauss
from statistics import mean, quantiles

average_arrival_interval = 5.6
average_service_time = 15.0
stdev_service_time = 3.5
num_servers = 3

waits = []
arrival_time = 0.0
servers = [0.0] * num_servers  # time when each server becomes available
heapify(servers)
for i in range(1_000_000):
    arrival_time += expovariate(1.0 / average_arrival_interval)
    next_server_available = servers[0]
    wait = max(0.0, next_server_available - arrival_time)
    waits.append(wait)
    service_duration = max(0.0, gauss(average_service_time, stdev_service_time))
    service_completed = arrival_time + wait + service_duration
    heapreplace(servers, service_completed)

print(f'Mean wait: {mean(waits):.1f}   Max wait: {max(waits):.1f}')
print('Quartiles:', [round(q, 1) for q in quantiles(waits)])

Trả lại một danh sách kích thước k các yếu tố được chọn từ dân số với sự thay thế. Nếu dân số trống, tăng

from heapq import heapify, heapreplace
from random import expovariate, gauss
from statistics import mean, quantiles

average_arrival_interval = 5.6
average_service_time = 15.0
stdev_service_time = 3.5
num_servers = 3

waits = []
arrival_time = 0.0
servers = [0.0] * num_servers  # time when each server becomes available
heapify(servers)
for i in range(1_000_000):
    arrival_time += expovariate(1.0 / average_arrival_interval)
    next_server_available = servers[0]
    wait = max(0.0, next_server_available - arrival_time)
    waits.append(wait)
    service_duration = max(0.0, gauss(average_service_time, stdev_service_time))
    service_completed = arrival_time + wait + service_duration
    heapreplace(servers, service_completed)

print(f'Mean wait: {mean(waits):.1f}   Max wait: {max(waits):.1f}')
print('Quartiles:', [round(q, 1) for q in quantiles(waits)])

Nếu một chuỗi trọng số được chỉ định, các lựa chọn được thực hiện theo các trọng số tương đối. Ngoài ra, nếu một chuỗi cum_weights được đưa ra, các lựa chọn được thực hiện theo các trọng số tích lũy (có thể được tính toán bằng cách sử dụng

from random import Random
from math import ldexp

class FullRandom(Random):

    def random(self):
        mantissa = 0x10_0000_0000_0000 | self.getrandbits(52)
        exponent = -53
        x = 0
        while not x:
            x = self.getrandbits(32)
            exponent += x.bit_length() - 32
        return ldexp(mantissa, exponent)

from random import Random
from math import ldexp

class FullRandom(Random):

    def random(self):
        mantissa = 0x10_0000_0000_0000 | self.getrandbits(52)
        exponent = -53
        x = 0
        while not x:
            x = self.getrandbits(32)
            exponent += x.bit_length() - 32
        return ldexp(mantissa, exponent)

from random import Random
from math import ldexp

class FullRandom(Random):

    def random(self):
        mantissa = 0x10_0000_0000_0000 | self.getrandbits(52)
        exponent = -53
        x = 0
        while not x:
            x = self.getrandbits(32)
            exponent += x.bit_length() - 32
        return ldexp(mantissa, exponent)

Nếu không có trọng số và không được chỉ định, các lựa chọn được thực hiện với xác suất bằng nhau. Nếu một chuỗi trọng số được cung cấp, nó phải có cùng chiều dài với trình tự dân số. Đó là một

# Example from "Statistics is Easy" by Dennis Shasha and Manda Wilson
from statistics import fmean as mean
from random import shuffle

drug = [54, 73, 53, 70, 73, 68, 52, 65, 65]
placebo = [54, 51, 58, 44, 55, 52, 42, 47, 58, 46]
observed_diff = mean(drug) - mean(placebo)

n = 10_000
count = 0
combined = drug + placebo
for i in range(n):
    shuffle(combined)
    new_diff = mean(combined[:len(drug)]) - mean(combined[len(drug):])
    count += (new_diff >= observed_diff)

print(f'{n} label reshufflings produced only {count} instances with a difference')
print(f'at least as extreme as the observed difference of {observed_diff:.1f}.')
print(f'The one-sided p-value of {count / n:.4f} leads us to reject the null')
print(f'hypothesis that there is no difference between the drug and the placebo.')

Trọng lượng hoặc cum_ weights có thể sử dụng bất kỳ loại số nào tương tác với các giá trị

>>> random()                             # Random float:  0.0 <= x < 1.0
0.37444887175646646

>>> uniform(2.5, 10.0)                   # Random float:  2.5 <= x <= 10.0
3.1800146073117523

>>> expovariate(1 / 5)                   # Interval between arrivals averaging 5 seconds
5.148957571865031

>>> randrange(10)                        # Integer from 0 to 9 inclusive
7

>>> randrange(0, 101, 2)                 # Even integer from 0 to 100 inclusive
26

>>> choice(['win', 'lose', 'draw'])      # Single random element from a sequence
'draw'

>>> deck = 'ace two three four'.split()
>>> shuffle(deck)                        # Shuffle a list
>>> deck
['four', 'two', 'ace', 'three']

>>> sample([10, 20, 30, 40, 50], k=4)    # Four samples without replacement
[40, 10, 50, 30]

C:\Windows\system32\cmd.exe /c python random_func.py

This is func_test_1.

This is func_test_2.

This is func_test_3.

Hit any key to close this window...

# Example from "Statistics is Easy" by Dennis Shasha and Manda Wilson
from statistics import fmean as mean
from random import shuffle

drug = [54, 73, 53, 70, 73, 68, 52, 65, 65]
placebo = [54, 51, 58, 44, 55, 52, 42, 47, 58, 46]
observed_diff = mean(drug) - mean(placebo)

n = 10_000
count = 0
combined = drug + placebo
for i in range(n):
    shuffle(combined)
    new_diff = mean(combined[:len(drug)]) - mean(combined[len(drug):])
    count += (new_diff >= observed_diff)

print(f'{n} label reshufflings produced only {count} instances with a difference')
print(f'at least as extreme as the observed difference of {observed_diff:.1f}.')
print(f'The one-sided p-value of {count / n:.4f} leads us to reject the null')
print(f'hypothesis that there is no difference between the drug and the placebo.')

Đối với một hạt giống nhất định, hàm

from random import Random
from math import ldexp

class FullRandom(Random):

    def random(self):
        mantissa = 0x10_0000_0000_0000 | self.getrandbits(52)
        exponent = -53
        x = 0
        while not x:
            x = self.getrandbits(32)
            exponent += x.bit_length() - 32
        return ldexp(mantissa, exponent)

from random import Random
from math import ldexp

class FullRandom(Random):

    def random(self):
        mantissa = 0x10_0000_0000_0000 | self.getrandbits(52)
        exponent = -53
        x = 0
        while not x:
            x = self.getrandbits(32)
            exponent += x.bit_length() - 32
        return ldexp(mantissa, exponent)

from random import Random
from math import ldexp

class FullRandom(Random):

    def random(self):
        mantissa = 0x10_0000_0000_0000 | self.getrandbits(52)
        exponent = -53
        x = 0
        while not x:
            x = self.getrandbits(32)
            exponent += x.bit_length() - 32
        return ldexp(mantissa, exponent)

from random import Random
from math import ldexp

class FullRandom(Random):

    def random(self):
        mantissa = 0x10_0000_0000_0000 | self.getrandbits(52)
        exponent = -53
        x = 0
        while not x:
            x = self.getrandbits(32)
            exponent += x.bit_length() - 32
        return ldexp(mantissa, exponent)

Mới trong phiên bản 3.6.

Đã thay đổi trong phiên bản 3.9: tăng

# Example from "Statistics is Easy" by Dennis Shasha and Manda Wilson
from statistics import fmean as mean
from random import shuffle

drug = [54, 73, 53, 70, 73, 68, 52, 65, 65]
placebo = [54, 51, 58, 44, 55, 52, 42, 47, 58, 46]
observed_diff = mean(drug) - mean(placebo)

n = 10_000
count = 0
combined = drug + placebo
for i in range(n):
    shuffle(combined)
    new_diff = mean(combined[:len(drug)]) - mean(combined[len(drug):])
    count += (new_diff >= observed_diff)

print(f'{n} label reshufflings produced only {count} instances with a difference')
print(f'at least as extreme as the observed difference of {observed_diff:.1f}.')
print(f'The one-sided p-value of {count / n:.4f} leads us to reject the null')
print(f'hypothesis that there is no difference between the drug and the placebo.')

# Example from "Statistics is Easy" by Dennis Shasha and Manda Wilson
from statistics import fmean as mean
from random import shuffle

drug = [54, 73, 53, 70, 73, 68, 52, 65, 65]
placebo = [54, 51, 58, 44, 55, 52, 42, 47, 58, 46]
observed_diff = mean(drug) - mean(placebo)

n = 10_000
count = 0
combined = drug + placebo
for i in range(n):
    shuffle(combined)
    new_diff = mean(combined[:len(drug)]) - mean(combined[len(drug):])
    count += (new_diff >= observed_diff)

print(f'{n} label reshufflings produced only {count} instances with a difference')
print(f'at least as extreme as the observed difference of {observed_diff:.1f}.')
print(f'The one-sided p-value of {count / n:.4f} leads us to reject the null')
print(f'hypothesis that there is no difference between the drug and the placebo.')

Xáo trộn chuỗi x tại chỗ.

Đối số tùy chọn ngẫu nhiên là một hàm 0 đối tượng trả về một bản nổi ngẫu nhiên trong [0,0, 1.0); Theo mặc định, đây là chức năng

C:\Windows\system32\cmd.exe /c python random_func.py

This is func_test_1.

This is func_test_2.

This is func_test_3.

Hit any key to close this window...

Để xáo trộn một chuỗi bất biến và trả lại một danh sách được xáo trộn mới, hãy sử dụng

>>> fr = FullRandom()
>>> fr.random()
0.05954861408025609
>>> fr.expovariate(0.25)
8.87925541791544

Lưu ý rằng ngay cả đối với

>>> fr = FullRandom()
>>> fr.random()
0.05954861408025609
>>> fr.expovariate(0.25)
8.87925541791544

Không dùng nữa kể từ phiên bản 3.9, sẽ bị xóa trong phiên bản 3.11: Tham số tùy chọn ngẫu nhiên.The optional parameter random.

Trả về một danh sách chiều dài k của các yếu tố duy nhất được chọn từ trình tự hoặc bộ dân số. Được sử dụng để lấy mẫu ngẫu nhiên mà không cần thay thế.

Trả về một danh sách mới chứa các yếu tố từ dân số trong khi để lại dân số ban đầu không thay đổi. Danh sách kết quả theo thứ tự lựa chọn để tất cả các lớp phụ cũng sẽ là các mẫu ngẫu nhiên hợp lệ. Điều này cho phép người chiến thắng xổ số (mẫu) được phân chia thành giải thưởng lớn và người chiến thắng vị trí thứ hai (các phụ).

Các thành viên của dân số không cần phải có thể băm hoặc duy nhất. Nếu dân số chứa lặp lại, thì mỗi lần xuất hiện là một lựa chọn có thể trong mẫu.hashable or unique. If the population contains repeats, then each occurrence is a possible selection in the sample.

Các phần tử lặp lại có thể được chỉ định một lần hoặc với tham số số lượng từ khóa chỉ tùy chọn. Ví dụ,

C:\Windows\system32\cmd.exe /c python random_func.py

This is func_test_1.

This is func_test_2.

This is func_test_3.

Hit any key to close this window...

C:\Windows\system32\cmd.exe /c python random_func.py

This is func_test_1.

This is func_test_2.

This is func_test_3.

Hit any key to close this window...

Để chọn một mẫu từ một loạt các số nguyên, hãy sử dụng đối tượng

# https://www.thoughtco.com/example-of-bootstrapping-3126155
from statistics import fmean as mean
from random import choices

data = [41, 50, 29, 37, 81, 30, 73, 63, 20, 35, 68, 22, 60, 31, 95]
means = sorted(mean(choices(data, k=len(data))) for i in range(100))
print(f'The sample mean of {mean(data):.1f} has a 90% confidence '
      f'interval from {means[5]:.1f} to {means[94]:.1f}')

C:\Windows\system32\cmd.exe /c python random_func.py

This is func_test_1.

This is func_test_2.

This is func_test_3.

Hit any key to close this window...

Nếu kích thước mẫu lớn hơn kích thước dân số, thì

# Example from "Statistics is Easy" by Dennis Shasha and Manda Wilson
from statistics import fmean as mean
from random import shuffle

drug = [54, 73, 53, 70, 73, 68, 52, 65, 65]
placebo = [54, 51, 58, 44, 55, 52, 42, 47, 58, 46]
observed_diff = mean(drug) - mean(placebo)

n = 10_000
count = 0
combined = drug + placebo
for i in range(n):
    shuffle(combined)
    new_diff = mean(combined[:len(drug)]) - mean(combined[len(drug):])
    count += (new_diff >= observed_diff)

print(f'{n} label reshufflings produced only {count} instances with a difference')
print(f'at least as extreme as the observed difference of {observed_diff:.1f}.')
print(f'The one-sided p-value of {count / n:.4f} leads us to reject the null')
print(f'hypothesis that there is no difference between the drug and the placebo.')

Đã thay đổi trong phiên bản 3.9: Đã thêm tham số Counts.Added the counts parameter.

Khấu dùng kể từ phiên bản 3.9: Trong tương lai, dân số phải là một chuỗi. Các trường hợp của

C:\Windows\system32\cmd.exe /c python random_func.py

This is func_test_1.

This is func_test_2.

This is func_test_3.

Hit any key to close this window...

C:\Windows\system32\cmd.exe /c python random_func.py

This is func_test_1.

This is func_test_2.

This is func_test_3.

Hit any key to close this window...

C:\Windows\system32\cmd.exe /c python random_func.py

This is func_test_1.

This is func_test_2.

This is func_test_3.

Hit any key to close this window...

C:\Windows\system32\cmd.exe /c python random_func.py

This is func_test_1.

This is func_test_2.

This is func_test_3.

Hit any key to close this window...

C:\Windows\system32\cmd.exe /c python random_func.py

This is func_test_1.

This is func_test_2.

This is func_test_3.

Hit any key to close this window...

C:\Windows\system32\cmd.exe /c python random_func.py

This is func_test_1.

This is func_test_2.

This is func_test_3.

Hit any key to close this window...

Phân phối có giá trị thực

Các chức năng sau đây tạo ra các phân phối có giá trị thực cụ thể. Các tham số chức năng được đặt tên theo các biến tương ứng trong phương trình phân phối, như được sử dụng trong thực tiễn toán học thông thường; Hầu hết các phương trình này có thể được tìm thấy trong bất kỳ văn bản thống kê.

Trả về số điểm nổi ngẫu nhiên tiếp theo trong phạm vi [0,0, 1.0).

Trả về số điểm nổi ngẫu nhiên n sao cho

# Example from "Statistics is Easy" by Dennis Shasha and Manda Wilson
from statistics import fmean as mean
from random import shuffle

drug = [54, 73, 53, 70, 73, 68, 52, 65, 65]
placebo = [54, 51, 58, 44, 55, 52, 42, 47, 58, 46]
observed_diff = mean(drug) - mean(placebo)

n = 10_000
count = 0
combined = drug + placebo
for i in range(n):
    shuffle(combined)
    new_diff = mean(combined[:len(drug)]) - mean(combined[len(drug):])
    count += (new_diff >= observed_diff)

print(f'{n} label reshufflings produced only {count} instances with a difference')
print(f'at least as extreme as the observed difference of {observed_diff:.1f}.')
print(f'The one-sided p-value of {count / n:.4f} leads us to reject the null')
print(f'hypothesis that there is no difference between the drug and the placebo.')

C:\Windows\system32\cmd.exe /c python random_func.py

This is func_test_1.

This is func_test_2.

This is func_test_3.

Hit any key to close this window...

C:\Windows\system32\cmd.exe /c python random_func.py

This is func_test_1.

This is func_test_2.

This is func_test_3.

Hit any key to close this window...

C:\Windows\system32\cmd.exe /c python random_func.py

This is func_test_1.

This is func_test_2.

This is func_test_3.

Hit any key to close this window...

Giá trị điểm cuối

C:\Windows\system32\cmd.exe /c python random_func.py

This is func_test_1.

This is func_test_2.

This is func_test_3.

Hit any key to close this window...

C:\Windows\system32\cmd.exe /c python random_func.py

This is func_test_1.

This is func_test_2.

This is func_test_3.

Hit any key to close this window...

Trả về một số điểm nổi ngẫu nhiên n sao cho

C:\Windows\system32\cmd.exe /c python random_func.py

This is func_test_1.

This is func_test_2.

This is func_test_3.

Hit any key to close this window...

Phân phối beta. Điều kiện trên các tham số là

C:\Windows\system32\cmd.exe /c python random_func.py

This is func_test_1.

This is func_test_2.

This is func_test_3.

Hit any key to close this window...

C:\Windows\system32\cmd.exe /c python random_func.py

This is func_test_1.

This is func_test_2.

This is func_test_3.

Hit any key to close this window...

Phân phối theo cấp số nhân. Lambd là 1,0 chia cho giá trị trung bình mong muốn. Nó nên là khác nhau. .

Phân phối Gamma. (Không phải hàm gamma!) Điều kiện trên các tham số là

C:\Windows\system32\cmd.exe /c python random_func.py

This is func_test_1.

This is func_test_2.

This is func_test_3.

Hit any key to close this window...

C:\Windows\system32\cmd.exe /c python random_func.py

This is func_test_1.

This is func_test_2.

This is func_test_3.

Hit any key to close this window...

Hàm phân phối xác suất là:

          x ** (alpha - 1) * math.exp(-x / beta)
pdf(x) =  --------------------------------------
            math.gamma(alpha) * beta ** alpha

Phân phối bình thường, còn được gọi là phân phối Gaussian. MU là trung bình, và Sigma là độ lệch chuẩn. Điều này nhanh hơn một chút so với hàm

C:\Windows\system32\cmd.exe /c python random_func.py

This is func_test_1.

This is func_test_2.

This is func_test_3.

Hit any key to close this window...

Lưu ý đa luồng: Khi hai luồng gọi chức năng này đồng thời, có thể họ sẽ nhận được cùng một giá trị trả về. Điều này có thể tránh được theo ba cách. 1) Có mỗi luồng sử dụng một thể hiện khác nhau của trình tạo số ngẫu nhiên. 2) Đặt khóa xung quanh tất cả các cuộc gọi. 3) Sử dụng chức năng chậm hơn, nhưng an toàn cho luồng

C:\Windows\system32\cmd.exe /c python random_func.py

This is func_test_1.

This is func_test_2.

This is func_test_3.

Hit any key to close this window...

Phân phối lognormal. Nếu bạn lấy logarit tự nhiên của phân phối này, bạn sẽ nhận được một phân phối bình thường với MU trung bình và độ lệch chuẩn. MU có thể có bất kỳ giá trị nào, và Sigma phải lớn hơn 0.

Phân phối bình thường. MU là trung bình, và Sigma là độ lệch chuẩn.

MU là góc trung bình, được biểu thị bằng radian trong khoảng từ 0 đến 2*pi và kappa là tham số nồng độ, phải lớn hơn hoặc bằng không. Nếu kappa bằng 0, phân phối này sẽ giảm xuống góc ngẫu nhiên đồng đều trong phạm vi 0 đến 2*pi.

Phân phối Pareto. Alpha là tham số hình dạng.

Phân phối Weibull. Alpha là tham số tỷ lệ và beta là tham số hình dạng.

Máy phát điện thay thế

Lớp thực hiện trình tạo số giả giả mặc định được sử dụng bởi mô-đun

          x ** (alpha - 1) * math.exp(-x / beta)
pdf(x) =  --------------------------------------
            math.gamma(alpha) * beta ** alpha

Đã không dùng nữa kể từ phiên bản 3.9: Trong tương lai, hạt giống phải là một trong các loại sau:

C:\Windows\system32\cmd.exe /c python random_func.py

This is func_test_1.

This is func_test_2.

This is func_test_3.

Hit any key to close this window...

>>> random()                             # Random float:  0.0 <= x < 1.0
0.37444887175646646

>>> uniform(2.5, 10.0)                   # Random float:  2.5 <= x <= 10.0
3.1800146073117523

>>> expovariate(1 / 5)                   # Interval between arrivals averaging 5 seconds
5.148957571865031

>>> randrange(10)                        # Integer from 0 to 9 inclusive
7

>>> randrange(0, 101, 2)                 # Even integer from 0 to 100 inclusive
26

>>> choice(['win', 'lose', 'draw'])      # Single random element from a sequence
'draw'

>>> deck = 'ace two three four'.split()
>>> shuffle(deck)                        # Shuffle a list
>>> deck
['four', 'two', 'ace', 'three']

>>> sample([10, 20, 30, 40, 50], k=4)    # Four samples without replacement
[40, 10, 50, 30]

>>> random()                             # Random float:  0.0 <= x < 1.0
0.37444887175646646

>>> uniform(2.5, 10.0)                   # Random float:  2.5 <= x <= 10.0
3.1800146073117523

>>> expovariate(1 / 5)                   # Interval between arrivals averaging 5 seconds
5.148957571865031

>>> randrange(10)                        # Integer from 0 to 9 inclusive
7

>>> randrange(0, 101, 2)                 # Even integer from 0 to 100 inclusive
26

>>> choice(['win', 'lose', 'draw'])      # Single random element from a sequence
'draw'

>>> deck = 'ace two three four'.split()
>>> shuffle(deck)                        # Shuffle a list
>>> deck
['four', 'two', 'ace', 'three']

>>> sample([10, 20, 30, 40, 50], k=4)    # Four samples without replacement
[40, 10, 50, 30]

          x ** (alpha - 1) * math.exp(-x / beta)
pdf(x) =  --------------------------------------
            math.gamma(alpha) * beta ** alpha

>>> random()                             # Random float:  0.0 <= x < 1.0
0.37444887175646646

>>> uniform(2.5, 10.0)                   # Random float:  2.5 <= x <= 10.0
3.1800146073117523

>>> expovariate(1 / 5)                   # Interval between arrivals averaging 5 seconds
5.148957571865031

>>> randrange(10)                        # Integer from 0 to 9 inclusive
7

>>> randrange(0, 101, 2)                 # Even integer from 0 to 100 inclusive
26

>>> choice(['win', 'lose', 'draw'])      # Single random element from a sequence
'draw'

>>> deck = 'ace two three four'.split()
>>> shuffle(deck)                        # Shuffle a list
>>> deck
['four', 'two', 'ace', 'three']

>>> sample([10, 20, 30, 40, 50], k=4)    # Four samples without replacement
[40, 10, 50, 30]

>>> random()                             # Random float:  0.0 <= x < 1.0
0.37444887175646646

>>> uniform(2.5, 10.0)                   # Random float:  2.5 <= x <= 10.0
3.1800146073117523

>>> expovariate(1 / 5)                   # Interval between arrivals averaging 5 seconds
5.148957571865031

>>> randrange(10)                        # Integer from 0 to 9 inclusive
7

>>> randrange(0, 101, 2)                 # Even integer from 0 to 100 inclusive
26

>>> choice(['win', 'lose', 'draw'])      # Single random element from a sequence
'draw'

>>> deck = 'ace two three four'.split()
>>> shuffle(deck)                        # Shuffle a list
>>> deck
['four', 'two', 'ace', 'three']

>>> sample([10, 20, 30, 40, 50], k=4)    # Four samples without replacement
[40, 10, 50, 30]

C:\Windows\system32\cmd.exe /c python random_func.py

This is func_test_1.

This is func_test_2.

This is func_test_3.

Hit any key to close this window...

>>> random()                             # Random float:  0.0 <= x < 1.0
0.37444887175646646

>>> uniform(2.5, 10.0)                   # Random float:  2.5 <= x <= 10.0
3.1800146073117523

>>> expovariate(1 / 5)                   # Interval between arrivals averaging 5 seconds
5.148957571865031

>>> randrange(10)                        # Integer from 0 to 9 inclusive
7

>>> randrange(0, 101, 2)                 # Even integer from 0 to 100 inclusive
26

>>> choice(['win', 'lose', 'draw'])      # Single random element from a sequence
'draw'

>>> deck = 'ace two three four'.split()
>>> shuffle(deck)                        # Shuffle a list
>>> deck
['four', 'two', 'ace', 'three']

>>> sample([10, 20, 30, 40, 50], k=4)    # Four samples without replacement
[40, 10, 50, 30]

>>> random()                             # Random float:  0.0 <= x < 1.0
0.37444887175646646

>>> uniform(2.5, 10.0)                   # Random float:  2.5 <= x <= 10.0
3.1800146073117523

>>> expovariate(1 / 5)                   # Interval between arrivals averaging 5 seconds
5.148957571865031

>>> randrange(10)                        # Integer from 0 to 9 inclusive
7

>>> randrange(0, 101, 2)                 # Even integer from 0 to 100 inclusive
26

>>> choice(['win', 'lose', 'draw'])      # Single random element from a sequence
'draw'

>>> deck = 'ace two three four'.split()
>>> shuffle(deck)                        # Shuffle a list
>>> deck
['four', 'two', 'ace', 'three']

>>> sample([10, 20, 30, 40, 50], k=4)    # Four samples without replacement
[40, 10, 50, 30]

          x ** (alpha - 1) * math.exp(-x / beta)
pdf(x) =  --------------------------------------
            math.gamma(alpha) * beta ** alpha

>>> random()                             # Random float:  0.0 <= x < 1.0
0.37444887175646646

>>> uniform(2.5, 10.0)                   # Random float:  2.5 <= x <= 10.0
3.1800146073117523

>>> expovariate(1 / 5)                   # Interval between arrivals averaging 5 seconds
5.148957571865031

>>> randrange(10)                        # Integer from 0 to 9 inclusive
7

>>> randrange(0, 101, 2)                 # Even integer from 0 to 100 inclusive
26

>>> choice(['win', 'lose', 'draw'])      # Single random element from a sequence
'draw'

>>> deck = 'ace two three four'.split()
>>> shuffle(deck)                        # Shuffle a list
>>> deck
['four', 'two', 'ace', 'three']

>>> sample([10, 20, 30, 40, 50], k=4)    # Four samples without replacement
[40, 10, 50, 30]

>>> random()                             # Random float:  0.0 <= x < 1.0
0.37444887175646646

>>> uniform(2.5, 10.0)                   # Random float:  2.5 <= x <= 10.0
3.1800146073117523

>>> expovariate(1 / 5)                   # Interval between arrivals averaging 5 seconds
5.148957571865031

>>> randrange(10)                        # Integer from 0 to 9 inclusive
7

>>> randrange(0, 101, 2)                 # Even integer from 0 to 100 inclusive
26

>>> choice(['win', 'lose', 'draw'])      # Single random element from a sequence
'draw'

>>> deck = 'ace two three four'.split()
>>> shuffle(deck)                        # Shuffle a list
>>> deck
['four', 'two', 'ace', 'three']

>>> sample([10, 20, 30, 40, 50], k=4)    # Four samples without replacement
[40, 10, 50, 30]