The volume of air that cannot be exhaled from the lungs regardless of the magnitude of expiration is

QuestionAnswer On each side of the chest, the _________ pleura lines the internal thoracic wall and the __________ pleura tightly covers the lung. parietal; visceral According to Boyle's law, the pressure of a gas _________ if the volume of its container increases. decreases About 23% of the carbon dioxide in the blood is attached to the _______ portion of hemoglobin. globin How does the respiratory center control the diaphragm? via the phrenic nerve These muscles increase thoracic cavity dimensions by elevating the first and second ribs during forced inhalation Scalenes How does breathing at a very low rate affect the reaction H + + HCO 3 - → H 2CO 3 → H 2O + CO 2 ? pushes it to the left. The main function of serous fluid is to: lubricate and reduce friction between pleural membranes around the lung. What is missing in infant respiratory distress syndrome? surfactant Chemoreceptors in the respiratory center are not very sensitive to ____________. oxygen What diffuses from the air in the alveoli into the blood? oxygen How are internal and external respiration alike? Both involve an exchange of gases. The chemical bond between oxygen and hemoglobin is unstable and reversible. Approximately what percent of the oxygen is blood is transported by the hemoglobin of erythrocytes? 98% The potential space between the serous membranes surrounding each lung is known as the pleural _________. cavity ________ of the diaphragm decreases intra-alveolar pressure resulting in ________. Contraction; inspiration An actively contracting muscle will cause local temperature to rise and will produce acidic molecules. Warmth and lower pH cause the oxygen-hemoglobin saturation curve to shift ______ reflecting that hemoglobin releases ______ oxygen. right, more Carbon dioxide is primarily transported as bicarbonate ions. The exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between air in alveoli and blood in capillaries occurs by diffusion. Carbonic anhydrase catalyzes the reaction of carbon dioxide and water to form carbonic acid. Which way does the reaction H + + HCO 3 - → H 2CO 3 → H 2O + CO 2 proceed in the lungs? to the right. Which reaction does carbonic anhydrase catalyze? H 2CO 3 → H 2O + CO 2 Which of the following is not a part of inspiration? The pressure in the lungs increases. The expiratory center in the _________ stimulates forceful expirations. medulla oblongata When you breathe into a paper bag after hyperventilating, you are decreasing the amount of carbon dioxide in the blood. false The respiratory center in the ________ coordinates the rhythmic inspiration and expiration of quiet breathing. pons When blood passes through systemic capillaries, the oxygen saturation of hemoglobin changes: from about 98% to about 75% saturated Carotid bodies and aortic bodies detect blood pH. When the pH of the blood becomes more acidic, the respiratory center increases the rate and increases the depth of breathing. Gas exchange in the lungs occurs between air in the __________ and blood in surrounding capillaries. alveoli a: O 2 is transported to cells by circulatory system. b: O 2 is drawn into the lungs during inhalation. c: Cells use O 2 and generate CO 2. d: CO 2 is exhaled. e: The circulatory system transports CO 2 to the lungs. b, a, c, e, d Airflow is ________ related to the pressure gradient and __________ related to resistance. directly, inversely Activation of sympathetic nerves that innervate lung tissue results in bronchodilation. The exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the air in the alveoli and blood in the lungs is called: external respiration. Compared to its partial pressure at sea level, what would be the partial pressure of oxygen at an altitude with an atmospheric pressure of only 380 mm Hg (recall that sea level atmospheric pressure is 760 mm Hg)? Po 2 would be half as much as it would be at sea level. Expiration from a normal, tidal breath is caused by: relaxation and recoil of the diaphragm. Compared to its partial pressure in the atomosphere, oxygen's partial pressure in the alveoli is: lower Breathing muscles such as the diaphragm are controlled by neurons of the _________ nervous system. somatic Which of the following best describes the medulla oblongata's role in breathing? It sends motor impulses to muscles that allow breathing. The reason air flows out of the body during expiration is that during that time: intrapulmonary pressure is greater than atmospheric pressure. A moderate ________ in the blood stimulates an increase in breathing rate and depth. increase in carbon dioxide concentration In the lungs, which one of the following is NOT a barrier to gas exchange between blood and the alveolar space? Smooth muscle cells surrounding the endothelial cells Which of the following muscles is LEAST involved in respiration? Pectoralis major When the diaphragm contracts, the pressure in the abdominal cavity will: Decrease The process of moving air into and out of the lungs is commonly called breathing or ________. pulmonary ventilation The inspiratory muscles that contract so we can inspire air are the ________ and ________. diaphragm; external intercostals Which one of the following is NOT true of inspiration? relaxation of the external intercostal muscles helps increase the size of the thoracic cavity Normal expiration occurs when ________. the diaphragm and intercostal muscles relax Which principle normally prevents the alveoli from collapsing during expiration? secretion of surfactant In order for inspiration to occur, atmospheric pressure must be _____________ intrapulmonary pressure. Greater than Given normal and resting ventilation and metabolic rates, the partial pressure of oxygen (PO2) in the alveoli is about: 100 mm Hg Given normal and resting ventilation and metabolic rates, the partial pressure of carbon dioxide (PCO2) in the tissues is about: 45 mm Hg The majority of CO2 is transported in the blood stream As bicarbonate The rate at which O2 detaches from hemoglobin when pH is high is ____________ the rate at which O2 detaches from hemoglobin when pH is low. Slower than During exercise, hemoglobin in systemic venous blood (after it has passed through an actively respiring muscle) is likely to be ___ with oxygen 25% saturated One heme group in a hemoglobin molecule can carry ____ molecule(s) of oxygen, while a single hemoglobin molecule will carry _____ molecule(s) of oxygen. 1; 4 The enzyme ________ facilitates the conversion of CO2 and water to _______. Carbonic anhydrase; carbonic acid Colder blood temperatures will decrease the amount of oxygen that dissociates from hemoglobin. true In the alveolar capillaries, the chloride shift will replace a ________ in the red blood cell with a _________ from the plasma Cl ion; bicarbonate ion The maximum amount of air that can be expired after a maximum inspiration is: Vital capacity This volume of air cannot be exhaled from the lungs regardless of the magnitude of expiration: Residual volume At an elevation of 9,000 feet above sea level, the barometric pressure is approximately 543 mm Hg. Approximately, what is the atmospheric partial pressure of oxygen (O2) at this elevation? Hint: you need to know the percentage of oxygen in the atmosphere. 115 mm Hg Which of the following refers to the exchange of carbon dioxide and oxygen between systemic tissues and systemic capillaries? Internal respiration Of which of the following is the respiratory membrane composed? Pulmonary capillary endothelium, Type 1 alveolar cell membrane, basement membrane The ________ volume is the air moved into and out of the lungs during normal quiet breathing and is approximately 500 mL of air. tidal Whether oxygen diffuses from the alveoli into the blood or not is dependent upon _______________. the partial pressure of oxygen in the lungs and in the blood. Compared to its partial pressure at sea level, what would be the partial pressure of oxygen at an altitude with an atmospheric pressure of only 380 mm Hg (recall that sea level atmospheric pressure is 760 mm Hg)? Po 2 would be half as much as it would be at sea level. pathway of air from trachea to pulm. lobule trachea > primary bronchi (right & left) > secondary bronchi > tertiary bronchi > bronchioles > alveoli (site of gas exchange Boyles law a law stating that the pressure of a given mass of an ideal gas is inversely proportional to its volume at a constant temperature. Diffusion process in the lungs From the alveoli, the O2 from the air you breathe enters your blood in blood vessels; O2 diffusion. Blood is oxygenated, it carries O2 throughout your body. Another form of diffusion occurs when blood containing carbon dioxide travels back to your lungs where does diffusion in the lungs take place? between the gas in the alveoli and the blood in the capillaries in the lungs. Alveolar epithelium a single cell thickness; three major types: pneumocytes 1, pneumocytes II, and roaming alveolar macrophages pneumocytes I simple squamous epi. gas exchange in the pulmonary pneumocytes II surfactant decreases surface tension roaming alveolar macrophages dust cells Blood air barrier where gas exchange occurs between blood and the alveolar air Blood air barrier layers alveolar cell layer, fused basement membrane (alveolar and capillary), and capillary endothelium External respiration exchange of gases between blood and lungs Internal respiration exchange of gases between blood tissues Hypoxia low tissue O2 levels = increased blow flow Anoxia no O2 supply, much of the damages is caused by heat attacks and stokes Describe Boyles law simplified up in volume = down in pressure; down in volume = up in pressure Changing the volume of the thoracic cavity superior movement of the rib cage increases the depth and width which increases volume and decreases pressure. When the diaphragm contracts it moves inferiorly which increases volume and decreases pressure During inhalation volume increases so, P outside > P inside; pressure inside decreases so the air flows in because of diffusion During exhalation volume decreases so, P outside < P inside, pressure inside increases so air flows out Atmospheric pressure pressure of air around us Intrapulmonary pressure pressure inside respiratory tract, usually measured at the alveoli tidal volume volume of air moved into and out of lungs in normal breath; 500 mL Passive exhalation done by elastic recoil of tissues and gravity, not by muscle Primary respiratory muscles involved in inhalation Accessory respiratory muscles assist primary inspirations muscles or provide active exhalation Primary inspiratory muscles diaphragm and external intercostals for quiet breathing Accessory inspiratory muscles Sterno, Pectoralis minor, seratus anterior Expiratory primary muscles there are no primary muscles because exhalation is a passive process done by elastic recoil Accessory expiratory muscles internal intercoastals, transverse thoracis, external oblique, retucs abdominis, interal oblique pulmonary function test monitors respiratoy function by measuring rates/volumes of air movement tidal volume VT amount of air moved in or out of lungs during single respiratory cycle at rest Inspiratory reserve volume IRV amount of air you can breathe in beyond tidal volume Experatory reserve volume ERV amount of air you can exhale beyond tidal volume Residual volume amount of air left in lungs after maximal exhalation vital capacity maximum amount of air you can move in or out of lungs per cycle total lung capacity total volume of lungs, 6000 mL in males 4200 mL in females O2 percent 21 CO2 percent .04 H2O percent .5 N2 percent 79 Why do partial pressures change down into the atmosphere to the alveloi? percent of gas changes when we mix Co2 and H2O vapor partital pressures in the pulmonary capillary P O2= 40 P CO2=45 then goes down and is P O2= 95 to 100 PCO2= 45 partial pressure in the alveolus P O2= 100 PCO2= 40 How does pH affect the hemoglobin saturation if pH decreases saturation shifts to the right; it pH increases saturation shifts to the left. If pH is low= more O2 Colder temp = higher pH How is CO2 transported Dissolves in plasma, bound to hemoglobin, converted to bicarbonate ion HCO3- Conversion of CO2 to carbonic acid CO2 + H20 = H2CO3 = H+HCO3- Level 1 respiratory rhythmic centers medulla, generates cycles of contraction and relaxation in the diaphragm that establishes pace respiration Level 2 respiratory rhythmic centers pons, adjust the output of the respiratory rhythmic centers Level 3 respiratory rhythmic centers hypothalamus, can alter the activity of the pnuemotaxic centers CO2 increases = decrease in pH and vise versa

What is the volume of air that can be forcibly exhaled at the end of a normal quiet breath?

What is tidal volume and residual volume?

What is meant by residual volume?

Is the maximum volume of air that can be expired following a resting expiration?