What is the first step in formulating an evidence based research question?
Research topic vs review question Show A research topic is the area of study you are researching, and the review question is the straightforward, focused question that your systematic review will attempt to answer. Developing a suitable review question from a research topic can take some time. You should:
When considering the feasibility of a potential review question, there should be enough evidence to answer the question whilst ensuring that the quantity of information retrieved remains manageable. A scoping search will aid in defining the boundaries of the question and determining feasibility. For more information on FINER criteria in systematic review questions, read Section 2.1 of the Cochrane Handbook. Check for existing or prospective systematic reviews Before finalising your review question, you should determine if any other systematic review is in progress or has been completed on your intended question (i.e. consider if the review is Novel). To find systematic reviews you might search specialist resources such as the Cochrane Library, Joanna Briggs Institute EBP Database or the Campbell Collaboration. "Systematic review" can also be used as a search term or limit when searching the recommended databases. You should appraise any systematic reviews you find to assess their quality. An article may include ‘systematic review’ in its title without correctly following the systematic review methodology. Checklists, including those developed by AMSTAR and JBI, are useful tools for appraisal. You may undertake a review on a similar question if that posed by a previously published review had issues with its methodology such as not having a comprehensive search strategy, for example. You may choose to narrow the parameters of a previously conducted search or to update the review if it was published some years ago. Searching a register of prospective systematic reviews such as PROSPERO will allow you to check that you are not duplicating research already underway. Once you have performed scoping searches and checked for other systematic reviews on your topic, you can focus and refine your review question. Any PICO elements identified during the initial development of the review question from the research topic should now be further refined. The review question should always be:
Work through the first section of the PICO worksheet to define your review question Review questions may be broad or narrow in focus; however, you should consider the FINER criteria when determining the breadth of the PICO elements of your review question. A question that is too broad may present difficulty with searching, data collection, analysis, and writing, as the number of studies retrieved would be unwieldy. A broad review question could be more suited to another type of review. A question that is too narrow may not have enough evidence to allow you to answer your review question. Table 2.3.a in the Cochrane Handbook summarises the advantages and disadvantages of broad versus narrow reviews and provides examples of how you could broaden or narrow different PICO elements. It is essential to formulate your research question with care to avoid missing relevant studies or collecting a potentially biased result set. A systematic review protocol is a document that describes the rationale, question, and planned methods of a systematic review. Creating a protocol is an essential part of the systematic review process, ensuring careful planning and detailed documentation of what is planned before undertaking the review. The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic review and Meta-Analysis Protocols (PRISMA-P) checklist outlines recommended items to address in a systematic review protocol, including:
The PICO Worksheet has been designed to help you create your systematic review protocol Systematic reviews must have pre-specified criteria for including and excluding studies in the review. The Cochrane Handbook states that "predefined, unambiguous eligibility criteria are a fundamental prerequisite for a systematic review." The first step in developing a protocol is determining the PICO elements of the review question and how the intervention produces the expected outcomes in the specified population. You should then specify the types of studies that will provide the evidence to answer your review question. Then outline the inclusion and exclusion criteria based on these PICO elements. For more information on defining eligibility criteria, see Chapter 3 of the Cochrane Handbook. A key purpose of a protocol is to make plans to minimise bias in the findings of the review; where possible, changes should not be made to the eligibility criteria of a published protocol. Where such changes are made, they must be justified and documented in the review. Appropriate time and consideration should be given to creating the protocol. You may wish to register your protocol in a publicly accessible way. If you intend to publish a systematic review in the health sciences, it should conform to the IOM Standards for Reporting Systematic Reviews. If you intend to publish a systematic review in the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, it should conform to the Methodological Expectations in Cochrane Intervention Reviews (MECIR). A clinical question needs to be directly relevant to the patient or problem and phrased to facilitate the search for an answer. A clear and focused question is more likely to lead to a credible and useful answer, whereas a poorly formulated question can lead to an uncertain answer and create confusion. The population and intervention should be specific, but if any or both are described too narrowly, it may not be easy to find relevant studies or sufficient data to demonstrate a reliable answer. Types of clinical questions
PICO is a framework for developing a focused clinical question. Slightly different versions of this concept are used to search for quantitative and qualitative reviews, examples are given below: PICO for quantitative studies
Here is an example of a clinical question that outlines the PICO components: PICo for qualitative studies
Here is an example of a clinical question that outlines the PICo components: Two other mnemonics may be used to frame questions for qualitative and quantitative studies - SPIDER and SPICE. SPIDER for qualitative or quantitative studies SPIDER can be used for both qualitative and quantitative studies:
SPICE Within social sciences research, SPICE may be more appropriate for formulating research questions:
What is the first process in formulating research questions?How Do I Come up with a Good Research Question?. Step 1: Choose a topic by identifying a broad area of interest.. Step 2: Find background information to help you understand your topic.. Step 3: Define your research question.. Step 4: Modify and refine your search question to achieve a manageable focus.. What are the steps of the evidence based research process?The EBP Process. Step 1: Frame Your Clinical Question.. Step 2: Gather Evidence.. Step 3: Assess the Evidence.. Step 4: Make Your Clinical Decision.. What is the first step in the EBP process?Ask a clinical question. The first step in the EBP process is to phrase your scenario as a specific, answerable question: Ask a well-built clinical question. This will help you to focus on the key issues and identify what evidence you need to answer your question.
What are the 5 steps of evidence based practice?5 steps of Evidence Based Practice. Ask a question. ... . Find information/evidence to answer question. ... . Critically appraise the information/evidence. ... . Integrate appraised evidence with own clinical expertise and patient's preferences. ... . Evaluate.. |