Cách định vị văn bản trong python rùa

phương pháp rùa

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Phương pháp của TurtleScreen/Screen

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chuyển động rùa

khoảng cách – một số (số nguyên hoặc số thực)

Di chuyển rùa về phía trước theo khoảng cách xác định, theo hướng rùa đang đi

>>> turtle.position()
(0.00,0.00)
>>> turtle.forward(25)
>>> turtle.position()
(25.00,0.00)
>>> turtle.forward(-75)
>>> turtle.position()
(-50.00,0.00)

khoảng cách - một con số

Di chuyển rùa lùi một đoạn, ngược với hướng rùa đi. Không thay đổi tiêu đề của rùa

>>> turtle.position()
(0.00,0.00)
>>> turtle.backward(30)
>>> turtle.position()
(-30.00,0.00)

góc – một số (số nguyên hoặc số thực)

Xoay rùa sang phải theo đơn vị góc. (Các đơn vị theo độ mặc định, nhưng có thể được thiết lập thông qua chức năng và. ) Định hướng góc phụ thuộc vào chế độ con rùa, xem

>>> turtle.heading()
22.0
>>> turtle.right(45)
>>> turtle.heading()
337.0

góc – một số (số nguyên hoặc số thực)

Xoay rùa sang trái theo đơn vị góc. (Các đơn vị theo độ mặc định, nhưng có thể được thiết lập thông qua chức năng và. ) Định hướng góc phụ thuộc vào chế độ con rùa, xem

>>> turtle.heading()
22.0
>>> turtle.left(45)
>>> turtle.heading()
67.0

• x – một số hoặc một cặp/vectơ số

• y – một số hoặc

  >>> turtle.position()
  (0.00,0.00)
  >>> turtle.backward(30)
  >>> turtle.position()
  (-30.00,0.00)
  

  29

Nếu y là

>>> turtle.position()
(0.00,0.00)
>>> turtle.backward(30)
>>> turtle.position()
(-30.00,0.00)

Di chuyển rùa đến một vị trí tuyệt đối. Nếu bút xuống, vẽ đường. Không thay đổi hướng của rùa

 >>> tp = turtle.pos()
 >>> tp
 (0.00,0.00)
 >>> turtle.setpos(60,30)
 >>> turtle.pos()
 (60.00,30.00)
 >>> turtle.setpos((20,80))
 >>> turtle.pos()
 (20.00,80.00)
 >>> turtle.setpos(tp)
 >>> turtle.pos()
 (0.00,0.00)

x – một số (số nguyên hoặc số thực)

Đặt tọa độ đầu tiên của rùa thành x, giữ nguyên tọa độ thứ hai

>>> turtle.position()
(0.00,240.00)
>>> turtle.setx(10)
>>> turtle.position()
(10.00,240.00)

y – một số (số nguyên hoặc số thực)

Đặt tọa độ thứ hai của rùa thành y, giữ nguyên tọa độ đầu tiên

>>> turtle.position()
(0.00,40.00)
>>> turtle.sety(-10)
>>> turtle.position()
(0.00,-10.00)

to_angle – một số (số nguyên hoặc số thực)

Đặt hướng của rùa thành to_angle. Dưới đây là một số hướng phổ biến theo độ

chế độ căn bản

chế độ logo

0 - đông

0 - bắc

90 - bắc

90 - đông

180 - tây

180 - nam

270 - nam

270 - tây

>>> turtle.setheading(90)
>>> turtle.heading()
90.0

Di chuyển con rùa đến điểm gốc – tọa độ (0,0) – và đặt tiêu đề của nó thành hướng bắt đầu (tùy thuộc vào chế độ, xem phần )

>>> turtle.heading()
90.0
>>> turtle.position()
(0.00,-10.00)
>>> turtle.home()
>>> turtle.position()
(0.00,0.00)
>>> turtle.heading()
0.0

• bán kính - một số

• phạm vi – một số (hoặc

  >>> turtle.position()
  (0.00,0.00)
  >>> turtle.backward(30)
  >>> turtle.position()
  (-30.00,0.00)
  

  29)

• các bước – một số nguyên (hoặc

  >>> turtle.position()
  (0.00,0.00)
  >>> turtle.backward(30)
  >>> turtle.position()
  (-30.00,0.00)
  

  29)

Vẽ đường tròn có bán kính cho trước. Trung tâm là các đơn vị bán kính bên trái của con rùa; . Nếu phạm vi không được đưa ra, hãy vẽ toàn bộ vòng tròn. Nếu phạm vi không phải là một vòng tròn đầy đủ, một điểm cuối của vòng cung là vị trí bút hiện tại. Vẽ cung theo hướng ngược chiều kim đồng hồ nếu bán kính dương, ngược lại theo chiều kim đồng hồ. Cuối cùng, hướng của rùa được thay đổi theo mức độ

Vì hình tròn được xấp xỉ bằng một đa giác đều nội tiếp, các bước xác định số bước sẽ sử dụng. Nếu không được cung cấp, nó sẽ được tính toán tự động. Có thể được sử dụng để vẽ đa giác thông thường

>>> turtle.position()
(0.00,0.00)
>>> turtle.forward(25)
>>> turtle.position()
(25.00,0.00)
>>> turtle.forward(-75)
>>> turtle.position()
(-50.00,0.00)

• size – một số nguyên >= 1 (nếu có)

• màu – một chuỗi màu hoặc một bộ màu số

Vẽ một chấm tròn có kích thước đường kính, sử dụng màu. Nếu kích thước không được cung cấp, thì tối đa pensize+4 và 2*pensize được sử dụng

>>> turtle.position()
(0.00,0.00)
>>> turtle.forward(25)
>>> turtle.position()
(25.00,0.00)
>>> turtle.forward(-75)
>>> turtle.position()
(-50.00,0.00)

Đóng dấu một bản sao của hình con rùa lên canvas ở vị trí con rùa hiện tại. Trả lại một tem_id cho tem đó, có thể được sử dụng để xóa nó bằng cách gọi

>>> turtle.position()
(0.00,0.00)
>>> turtle.backward(30)
>>> turtle.position()
(-30.00,0.00)

>>> turtle.position()
(0.00,0.00)
>>> turtle.forward(25)
>>> turtle.position()
(25.00,0.00)
>>> turtle.forward(-75)
>>> turtle.position()
(-50.00,0.00)

temid - một số nguyên, phải là giá trị trả về của cuộc gọi trước đó

Xóa tem với tem đã cho

>>> turtle.position()
(0.00,0.00)
>>> turtle.forward(25)
>>> turtle.position()
(25.00,0.00)
>>> turtle.forward(-75)
>>> turtle.position()
(-50.00,0.00)

n – một số nguyên (hoặc

>>> turtle.position()
(0.00,0.00)
>>> turtle.backward(30)
>>> turtle.position()
(-30.00,0.00)

Xóa tất cả hoặc n tem đầu tiên/cuối cùng của rùa. Nếu n là

>>> turtle.position()
(0.00,0.00)
>>> turtle.backward(30)
>>> turtle.position()
(-30.00,0.00)

>>> turtle.position()
(0.00,0.00)
>>> turtle.forward(25)
>>> turtle.position()
(25.00,0.00)
>>> turtle.forward(-75)
>>> turtle.position()
(-50.00,0.00)

Hoàn tác (nhiều lần) (các) hành động rùa cuối cùng. Số lượng hành động hoàn tác khả dụng được xác định bởi kích thước của bộ đệm hoàn tác

>>> turtle.position()
(0.00,0.00)
>>> turtle.forward(25)
>>> turtle.position()
(25.00,0.00)
>>> turtle.forward(-75)
>>> turtle.position()
(-50.00,0.00)

tốc độ – một số nguyên trong phạm vi 0. 10 hoặc dây tốc độ (xem bên dưới)

Đặt tốc độ của rùa thành một giá trị nguyên trong phạm vi 0. 10. Nếu không có đối số nào được đưa ra, hãy trả về tốc độ hiện tại

Nếu đầu vào là một số lớn hơn 10 hoặc nhỏ hơn 0. 5, tốc độ được đặt thành 0. Dây tốc độ được ánh xạ tới các giá trị tốc độ như sau

• “nhanh nhất”. 0

• "nhanh". 10

• "Bình thường". 6

• "chậm". 3

• “chậm nhất”. 1

Tốc độ từ 1 đến 10 thực thi hoạt ảnh vẽ đường thẳng và xoay rùa ngày càng nhanh hơn

Chú ý. tốc độ = 0 có nghĩa là không có hoạt ảnh nào diễn ra. tiến/lùi khiến rùa nhảy và tương tự trái/phải khiến rùa quay ngay lập tức

>>> turtle.position()
(0.00,0.00)
>>> turtle.forward(25)
>>> turtle.position()
(25.00,0.00)
>>> turtle.forward(-75)
>>> turtle.position()
(-50.00,0.00)

Cho biết trạng thái của Rùa

Trả về vị trí hiện tại của rùa (x,y) (dưới dạng vectơ)

>>> turtle.position()
(0.00,0.00)
>>> turtle.forward(25)
>>> turtle.position()
(25.00,0.00)
>>> turtle.forward(-75)
>>> turtle.position()
(-50.00,0.00)

• x – một số hoặc một cặp/vec-tơ số hoặc một cá thể rùa

• y – một số nếu x là một số, ngược lại

  >>> turtle.position()
  (0.00,0.00)
  >>> turtle.backward(30)
  >>> turtle.position()
  (-30.00,0.00)
  

  29

Trả lại góc giữa đường từ vị trí con rùa đến vị trí được chỉ định bởi (x,y), vectơ hoặc con rùa khác. Điều này phụ thuộc vào hướng bắt đầu của rùa, tùy thuộc vào chế độ - “tiêu chuẩn”/”thế giới” hoặc “logo”

>>> turtle.position()
(0.00,0.00)
>>> turtle.forward(25)
>>> turtle.position()
(25.00,0.00)
>>> turtle.forward(-75)
>>> turtle.position()
(-50.00,0.00)

Trả về tọa độ x của con rùa

>>> turtle.position()
(0.00,0.00)
>>> turtle.forward(25)
>>> turtle.position()
(25.00,0.00)
>>> turtle.forward(-75)
>>> turtle.position()
(-50.00,0.00)

Trả về tọa độ y của rùa

>>> turtle.position()
(0.00,0.00)
>>> turtle.backward(30)
>>> turtle.position()
(-30.00,0.00)

Trả về tiêu đề hiện tại của rùa (giá trị tùy thuộc vào chế độ rùa, xem phần )

>>> turtle.position()
(0.00,0.00)
>>> turtle.backward(30)
>>> turtle.position()
(-30.00,0.00)

• x – một số hoặc một cặp/vec-tơ số hoặc một cá thể rùa

• y – một số nếu x là một số, ngược lại

  >>> turtle.position()
  (0.00,0.00)
  >>> turtle.backward(30)
  >>> turtle.position()
  (-30.00,0.00)
  

  29

Trả về khoảng cách từ con rùa đến (x,y), vectơ đã cho hoặc con rùa đã cho khác, theo đơn vị bước rùa

>>> turtle.position()
(0.00,0.00)
>>> turtle.backward(30)
>>> turtle.position()
(-30.00,0.00)

Cài đặt để đo lường

hình tròn – một số

Đặt đơn vị đo góc i. e. đặt số "độ" cho một vòng tròn đầy đủ. Giá trị mặc định là 360 độ

>>> turtle.position()
(0.00,0.00)
>>> turtle.backward(30)
>>> turtle.position()
(-30.00,0.00)

Đặt đơn vị đo góc thành radian. Tương đương với

>>> turtle.position()
(0.00,0.00)
>>> turtle.backward(30)
>>> turtle.position()
(-30.00,0.00)

>>> turtle.position()
(0.00,0.00)
>>> turtle.backward(30)
>>> turtle.position()
(-30.00,0.00)

điều khiển bút

>>> turtle.position()
(0.00,0.00)
>>> turtle.backward(30)
>>> turtle.position()
(-30.00,0.00)

>>> turtle.position()
(0.00,0.00)
>>> turtle.backward(30)
>>> turtle.position()
(-30.00,0.00)

>>> turtle.position()
(0.00,0.00)
>>> turtle.backward(30)
>>> turtle.position()
(-30.00,0.00)

>>> turtle.position()
(0.00,0.00)
>>> turtle.backward(30)
>>> turtle.position()
(-30.00,0.00)

>>> turtle.position()
(0.00,0.00)
>>> turtle.backward(30)
>>> turtle.position()
(-30.00,0.00)

>>> turtle.position()
(0.00,0.00)
>>> turtle.forward(25)
>>> turtle.position()
(25.00,0.00)
>>> turtle.forward(-75)
>>> turtle.position()
(-50.00,0.00)

>>> turtle.position()
(0.00,0.00)
>>> turtle.backward(30)
>>> turtle.position()
(-30.00,0.00)

>>> turtle.position()
(0.00,0.00)
>>> turtle.backward(30)
>>> turtle.position()
(-30.00,0.00)

>>> turtle.position()
(0.00,0.00)
>>> turtle.backward(30)
>>> turtle.position()
(-30.00,0.00)

>>> turtle.position()
(0.00,0.00)
>>> turtle.backward(30)
>>> turtle.position()
(-30.00,0.00)

>>> turtle.position()
(0.00,0.00)
>>> turtle.backward(30)
>>> turtle.position()
(-30.00,0.00)

>>> turtle.position()
(0.00,0.00)
>>> turtle.backward(30)
>>> turtle.position()
(-30.00,0.00)

>>> turtle.position()
(0.00,0.00)
>>> turtle.backward(30)
>>> turtle.position()
(-30.00,0.00)

>>> turtle.position()
(0.00,0.00)
>>> turtle.forward(25)
>>> turtle.position()
(25.00,0.00)
>>> turtle.forward(-75)
>>> turtle.position()
(-50.00,0.00)

>>> turtle.position()
(0.00,0.00)
>>> turtle.backward(30)
>>> turtle.position()
(-30.00,0.00)

>>> turtle.position()
(0.00,0.00)
>>> turtle.backward(30)
>>> turtle.position()
(-30.00,0.00)

>>> turtle.position()
(0.00,0.00)
>>> turtle.backward(30)
>>> turtle.position()
(-30.00,0.00)

>>> turtle.position()
(0.00,0.00)
>>> turtle.backward(30)
>>> turtle.position()
(-30.00,0.00)

>>> turtle.position()
(0.00,0.00)
>>> turtle.backward(30)
>>> turtle.position()
(-30.00,0.00)

>>> turtle.position()
(0.00,0.00)
>>> turtle.backward(30)
>>> turtle.position()
(-30.00,0.00)

>>> turtle.position()
(0.00,0.00)
>>> turtle.backward(30)
>>> turtle.position()
(-30.00,0.00)

>>> turtle.position()
(0.00,0.00)
>>> turtle.forward(25)
>>> turtle.position()
(25.00,0.00)
>>> turtle.forward(-75)
>>> turtle.position()
(-50.00,0.00)

>>> turtle.position()
(0.00,0.00)
>>> turtle.backward(30)
>>> turtle.position()
(-30.00,0.00)

>>> turtle.position()
(0.00,0.00)
>>> turtle.backward(30)
>>> turtle.position()
(-30.00,0.00)

>>> turtle.position()
(0.00,0.00)
>>> turtle.backward(30)
>>> turtle.position()
(-30.00,0.00)

>>> turtle.position()
(0.00,0.00)
>>> turtle.backward(30)
>>> turtle.position()
(-30.00,0.00)

>>> turtle.position()
(0.00,0.00)
>>> turtle.backward(30)
>>> turtle.position()
(-30.00,0.00)

>>> turtle.position()
(0.00,0.00)
>>> turtle.backward(30)
>>> turtle.position()
(-30.00,0.00)

>>> turtle.position()
(0.00,0.00)
>>> turtle.backward(30)
>>> turtle.position()
(-30.00,0.00)

>>> turtle.heading()
22.0
>>> turtle.right(45)
>>> turtle.heading()
337.0

>>> turtle.position()
(0.00,0.00)
>>> turtle.backward(30)
>>> turtle.position()
(-30.00,0.00)

>>> turtle.position()
(0.00,0.00)
>>> turtle.backward(30)
>>> turtle.position()
(-30.00,0.00)

>>> turtle.heading()
22.0
>>> turtle.right(45)
>>> turtle.heading()
337.0

>>> turtle.heading()
22.0
>>> turtle.right(45)
>>> turtle.heading()
337.0

>>> turtle.heading()
22.0
>>> turtle.right(45)
>>> turtle.heading()
337.0

>>> turtle.position()
(0.00,0.00)
>>> turtle.backward(30)
>>> turtle.position()
(-30.00,0.00)

>>> turtle.heading()
22.0
>>> turtle.right(45)
>>> turtle.heading()
337.0

bang con rùa

>>> turtle.heading()
22.0
>>> turtle.right(45)
>>> turtle.heading()
337.0

>>> turtle.heading()
22.0
>>> turtle.right(45)
>>> turtle.heading()
337.0

>>> turtle.position()
(0.00,0.00)
>>> turtle.backward(30)
>>> turtle.position()
(-30.00,0.00)

>>> turtle.position()
(0.00,0.00)
>>> turtle.backward(30)
>>> turtle.position()
(-30.00,0.00)

>>> turtle.heading()
22.0
>>> turtle.right(45)
>>> turtle.heading()
337.0

>>> turtle.heading()
22.0
>>> turtle.right(45)
>>> turtle.heading()
337.0

>>> turtle.position()
(0.00,0.00)
>>> turtle.backward(30)
>>> turtle.position()
(-30.00,0.00)

>>> turtle.heading()
22.0
>>> turtle.right(45)
>>> turtle.heading()
337.0

>>> turtle.heading()
22.0
>>> turtle.left(45)
>>> turtle.heading()
67.0

>>> turtle.heading()
22.0
>>> turtle.left(45)
>>> turtle.heading()
67.0

>>> turtle.heading()
22.0
>>> turtle.left(45)
>>> turtle.heading()
67.0

>>> turtle.heading()
22.0
>>> turtle.left(45)
>>> turtle.heading()
67.0

>>> turtle.heading()
22.0
>>> turtle.left(45)
>>> turtle.heading()
67.0

>>> turtle.heading()
22.0
>>> turtle.left(45)
>>> turtle.heading()
67.0

>>> turtle.heading()
22.0
>>> turtle.left(45)
>>> turtle.heading()
67.0

Sử dụng các sự kiện

• fun – a function with two arguments which will be called with the coordinates of the clicked point on the canvas

• btn – number of the mouse-button, defaults to 1 (left mouse button)

• add –

  >>> turtle.position()
  (0.00,0.00)
  >>> turtle.backward(30)
  >>> turtle.position()
  (-30.00,0.00)
  

  46 or

  >>> turtle.position()
  (0.00,0.00)
  >>> turtle.backward(30)
  >>> turtle.position()
  (-30.00,0.00)
  

  47 – if

  >>> turtle.position()
  (0.00,0.00)
  >>> turtle.backward(30)
  >>> turtle.position()
  (-30.00,0.00)
  

  46, a new binding will be added, otherwise it will replace a former binding

Bind fun to mouse-click events on this turtle. If fun is

>>> turtle.position()
(0.00,0.00)
>>> turtle.backward(30)
>>> turtle.position()
(-30.00,0.00)

>>> turtle.heading()
22.0
>>> turtle.left(45)
>>> turtle.heading()
67.0

• fun – a function with two arguments which will be called with the coordinates of the clicked point on the canvas

• btn – number of the mouse-button, defaults to 1 (left mouse button)

• add –

  >>> turtle.position()
  (0.00,0.00)
  >>> turtle.backward(30)
  >>> turtle.position()
  (-30.00,0.00)
  

  46 or

  >>> turtle.position()
  (0.00,0.00)
  >>> turtle.backward(30)
  >>> turtle.position()
  (-30.00,0.00)
  

  47 – if

  >>> turtle.position()
  (0.00,0.00)
  >>> turtle.backward(30)
  >>> turtle.position()
  (-30.00,0.00)
  

  46, a new binding will be added, otherwise it will replace a former binding

Bind fun to mouse-button-release events on this turtle. If fun is

>>> turtle.position()
(0.00,0.00)
>>> turtle.backward(30)
>>> turtle.position()
(-30.00,0.00)

>>> turtle.heading()
22.0
>>> turtle.left(45)
>>> turtle.heading()
67.0

• fun – a function with two arguments which will be called with the coordinates of the clicked point on the canvas

• btn – number of the mouse-button, defaults to 1 (left mouse button)

• add –

  >>> turtle.position()
  (0.00,0.00)
  >>> turtle.backward(30)
  >>> turtle.position()
  (-30.00,0.00)
  

  46 or

  >>> turtle.position()
  (0.00,0.00)
  >>> turtle.backward(30)
  >>> turtle.position()
  (-30.00,0.00)
  

  47 – if

  >>> turtle.position()
  (0.00,0.00)
  >>> turtle.backward(30)
  >>> turtle.position()
  (-30.00,0.00)
  

  46, a new binding will be added, otherwise it will replace a former binding

Bind fun to mouse-move events on this turtle. If fun is

>>> turtle.position()
(0.00,0.00)
>>> turtle.backward(30)
>>> turtle.position()
(-30.00,0.00)

Remark. Every sequence of mouse-move-events on a turtle is preceded by a mouse-click event on that turtle

>>> turtle.heading()
22.0
>>> turtle.left(45)
>>> turtle.heading()
67.0

Subsequently, clicking and dragging the Turtle will move it across the screen thereby producing handdrawings (if pen is down)

Phương pháp rùa đặc biệt

Start recording the vertices of a polygon. Current turtle position is first vertex of polygon

Stop recording the vertices of a polygon. Current turtle position is last vertex of polygon. This will be connected with the first vertex

Return the last recorded polygon

 >>> tp = turtle.pos()
 >>> tp
 (0.00,0.00)
 >>> turtle.setpos(60,30)
 >>> turtle.pos()
 (60.00,30.00)
 >>> turtle.setpos((20,80))
 >>> turtle.pos()
 (20.00,80.00)
 >>> turtle.setpos(tp)
 >>> turtle.pos()
 (0.00,0.00)

Create and return a clone of the turtle with same position, heading and turtle properties

 >>> tp = turtle.pos()
 >>> tp
 (0.00,0.00)
 >>> turtle.setpos(60,30)
 >>> turtle.pos()
 (60.00,30.00)
 >>> turtle.setpos((20,80))
 >>> turtle.pos()
 (20.00,80.00)
 >>> turtle.setpos(tp)
 >>> turtle.pos()
 (0.00,0.00)

Return the Turtle object itself. Only reasonable use. as a function to return the “anonymous turtle”

 >>> tp = turtle.pos()
 >>> tp
 (0.00,0.00)
 >>> turtle.setpos(60,30)
 >>> turtle.pos()
 (60.00,30.00)
 >>> turtle.setpos((20,80))
 >>> turtle.pos()
 (20.00,80.00)
 >>> turtle.setpos(tp)
 >>> turtle.pos()
 (0.00,0.00)

Return the object the turtle is drawing on. TurtleScreen methods can then be called for that object

 >>> tp = turtle.pos()
 >>> tp
 (0.00,0.00)
 >>> turtle.setpos(60,30)
 >>> turtle.pos()
 (60.00,30.00)
 >>> turtle.setpos((20,80))
 >>> turtle.pos()
 (20.00,80.00)
 >>> turtle.setpos(tp)
 >>> turtle.pos()
 (0.00,0.00)

size – an integer or

>>> turtle.position()
(0.00,0.00)
>>> turtle.backward(30)
>>> turtle.position()
(-30.00,0.00)

Set or disable undobuffer. If size is an integer, an empty undobuffer of given size is installed. size gives the maximum number of turtle actions that can be undone by the method/function. If size is

>>> turtle.position()
(0.00,0.00)
>>> turtle.backward(30)
>>> turtle.position()
(-30.00,0.00)

 >>> tp = turtle.pos()
 >>> tp
 (0.00,0.00)
 >>> turtle.setpos(60,30)
 >>> turtle.pos()
 (60.00,30.00)
 >>> turtle.setpos((20,80))
 >>> turtle.pos()
 (20.00,80.00)
 >>> turtle.setpos(tp)
 >>> turtle.pos()
 (0.00,0.00)

Return number of entries in the undobuffer

 >>> tp = turtle.pos()
 >>> tp
 (0.00,0.00)
 >>> turtle.setpos(60,30)
 >>> turtle.pos()
 (60.00,30.00)
 >>> turtle.setpos((20,80))
 >>> turtle.pos()
 (20.00,80.00)
 >>> turtle.setpos(tp)
 >>> turtle.pos()
 (0.00,0.00)

Compound shapes

To use compound turtle shapes, which consist of several polygons of different color, you must use the helper class explicitly as described below

1. Create an empty Shape object of type “compound”

2. Add as many components to this object as desired, using the

   >>> turtle.heading()
   22.0
   >>> turtle.right(45)
   >>> turtle.heading()
   337.0
   

   03 method

   For example

    >>> tp = turtle.pos()
    >>> tp
    (0.00,0.00)
    >>> turtle.setpos(60,30)
    >>> turtle.pos()
    (60.00,30.00)
    >>> turtle.setpos((20,80))
    >>> turtle.pos()
    (20.00,80.00)
    >>> turtle.setpos(tp)
    >>> turtle.pos()
    (0.00,0.00)
   

   6

3. Now add the Shape to the Screen’s shapelist and use it

    >>> tp = turtle.pos()
    >>> tp
    (0.00,0.00)
    >>> turtle.setpos(60,30)
    >>> turtle.pos()
    (60.00,30.00)
    >>> turtle.setpos((20,80))
    >>> turtle.pos()
    (20.00,80.00)
    >>> turtle.setpos(tp)
    >>> turtle.pos()
    (0.00,0.00)
   

   7

Ghi chú

The class is used internally by the method in different ways. Người lập trình ứng dụng chỉ phải xử lý lớp Hình dạng khi sử dụng các hình dạng phức hợp như được hiển thị ở trên

Kiểm soát cửa sổ

args – a color string or three numbers in the range 0. colormode or a 3-tuple of such numbers

Set or return background color of the TurtleScreen

 >>> tp = turtle.pos()
 >>> tp
 (0.00,0.00)
 >>> turtle.setpos(60,30)
 >>> turtle.pos()
 (60.00,30.00)
 >>> turtle.setpos((20,80))
 >>> turtle.pos()
 (20.00,80.00)
 >>> turtle.setpos(tp)
 >>> turtle.pos()
 (0.00,0.00)

picname – a string, name of a gif-file or

>>> turtle.heading()
22.0
>>> turtle.right(45)
>>> turtle.heading()
337.0

>>> turtle.position()
(0.00,0.00)
>>> turtle.backward(30)
>>> turtle.position()
(-30.00,0.00)

Set background image or return name of current backgroundimage. If picname is a filename, set the corresponding image as background. If picname is

>>> turtle.heading()
22.0
>>> turtle.right(45)
>>> turtle.heading()
337.0

>>> turtle.position()
(0.00,0.00)
>>> turtle.backward(30)
>>> turtle.position()
(-30.00,0.00)

 >>> tp = turtle.pos()
 >>> tp
 (0.00,0.00)
 >>> turtle.setpos(60,30)
 >>> turtle.pos()
 (60.00,30.00)
 >>> turtle.setpos((20,80))
 >>> turtle.pos()
 (20.00,80.00)
 >>> turtle.setpos(tp)
 >>> turtle.pos()
 (0.00,0.00)

Ghi chú

This TurtleScreen method is available as a global function only under the name

>>> turtle.heading()
22.0
>>> turtle.right(45)
>>> turtle.heading()
337.0

>>> turtle.heading()
22.0
>>> turtle.right(45)
>>> turtle.heading()
337.0

>>> turtle.heading()
22.0
>>> turtle.right(45)
>>> turtle.heading()
337.0

Delete all drawings and all turtles from the TurtleScreen. Đặt lại TurtleScreen hiện đang trống về trạng thái ban đầu. nền trắng, không có hình nền, không có ràng buộc sự kiện và theo dõi trên

Ghi chú

Phương thức TurtleScreen này chỉ khả dụng dưới dạng hàm toàn cầu dưới tên

>>> turtle.heading()
22.0
>>> turtle.right(45)
>>> turtle.heading()
337.0

>>> turtle.heading()
22.0
>>> turtle.right(45)
>>> turtle.heading()
337.0

>>> turtle.heading()
22.0
>>> turtle.right(45)
>>> turtle.heading()
337.0

Đặt lại tất cả Rùa trên Màn hình về trạng thái ban đầu

• canvwidth – số nguyên dương, chiều rộng mới của canvas tính bằng pixel

• canvheight – số nguyên dương, chiều cao mới của canvas tính bằng pixel

• bg – chuỗi màu hoặc bộ màu, màu nền mới

If no arguments are given, return current (canvaswidth, canvasheight). Else resize the canvas the turtles are drawing on. Do not alter the drawing window. To observe hidden parts of the canvas, use the scrollbars. With this method, one can make visible those parts of a drawing which were outside the canvas before

>>> turtle.position()
(0.00,240.00)
>>> turtle.setx(10)
>>> turtle.position()
(10.00,240.00)

e. g. to search for an erroneously escaped turtle ;-)

• llx – a number, x-coordinate of lower left corner of canvas

• lly – a number, y-coordinate of lower left corner of canvas

• urx – a number, x-coordinate of upper right corner of canvas

• ury – a number, y-coordinate of upper right corner of canvas

Set up user-defined coordinate system and switch to mode “world” if necessary. This performs a

>>> turtle.heading()
22.0
>>> turtle.right(45)
>>> turtle.heading()
337.0

ATTENTION. in user-defined coordinate systems angles may appear distorted

>>> turtle.position()
(0.00,240.00)
>>> turtle.setx(10)
>>> turtle.position()
(10.00,240.00)

kiểm soát hoạt hình

delay – positive integer

Set or return the drawing delay in milliseconds. (This is approximately the time interval between two consecutive canvas updates. ) The longer the drawing delay, the slower the animation

Optional argument

>>> turtle.position()
(0.00,240.00)
>>> turtle.setx(10)
>>> turtle.position()
(10.00,240.00)

• n – nonnegative integer

• delay – nonnegative integer

Turn turtle animation on/off and set delay for update drawings. If n is given, only each n-th regular screen update is really performed. (Can be used to accelerate the drawing of complex graphics. ) When called without arguments, returns the currently stored value of n. Second argument sets delay value (see )

>>> turtle.position()
(0.00,240.00)
>>> turtle.setx(10)
>>> turtle.position()
(10.00,240.00)

Perform a TurtleScreen update. To be used when tracer is turned off

See also the RawTurtle/Turtle method

Sử dụng các sự kiện màn hình

Set focus on TurtleScreen (in order to collect key-events). Dummy arguments are provided in order to be able to pass to the onclick method

• fun – a function with no arguments or

  >>> turtle.position()
  (0.00,0.00)
  >>> turtle.backward(30)
  >>> turtle.position()
  (-30.00,0.00)
  

  29

• key – a string. key (e. g. “a”) or key-symbol (e. g. “space”)

Bind fun to key-release event of key. If fun is

>>> turtle.position()
(0.00,0.00)
>>> turtle.backward(30)
>>> turtle.position()
(-30.00,0.00)

>>> turtle.position()
(0.00,240.00)
>>> turtle.setx(10)
>>> turtle.position()
(10.00,240.00)

• fun – a function with no arguments or

  >>> turtle.position()
  (0.00,0.00)
  >>> turtle.backward(30)
  >>> turtle.position()
  (-30.00,0.00)
  

  29

• key – a string. key (e. g. “a”) or key-symbol (e. g. “space”)

Bind fun to key-press event of key if key is given, or to any key-press-event if no key is given. Remark. in order to be able to register key-events, TurtleScreen must have focus. (See method . )

>>> turtle.position()
(0.00,240.00)
>>> turtle.setx(10)
>>> turtle.position()
(10.00,240.00)

• fun – a function with two arguments which will be called with the coordinates of the clicked point on the canvas

• btn – number of the mouse-button, defaults to 1 (left mouse button)

• add –

  >>> turtle.position()
  (0.00,0.00)
  >>> turtle.backward(30)
  >>> turtle.position()
  (-30.00,0.00)
  

  46 or

  >>> turtle.position()
  (0.00,0.00)
  >>> turtle.backward(30)
  >>> turtle.position()
  (-30.00,0.00)
  

  47 – if

  >>> turtle.position()
  (0.00,0.00)
  >>> turtle.backward(30)
  >>> turtle.position()
  (-30.00,0.00)
  

  46, a new binding will be added, otherwise it will replace a former binding

Bind fun to mouse-click events on this screen. If fun is

>>> turtle.position()
(0.00,0.00)
>>> turtle.backward(30)
>>> turtle.position()
(-30.00,0.00)

Example for a TurtleScreen instance named

>>> turtle.heading()
22.0
>>> turtle.right(45)
>>> turtle.heading()
337.0

>>> turtle.setheading(90)
>>> turtle.heading()
90.0

>>> turtle.position()
(0.00,240.00)
>>> turtle.setx(10)
>>> turtle.position()
(10.00,240.00)

Ghi chú

This TurtleScreen method is available as a global function only under the name

>>> turtle.heading()
22.0
>>> turtle.right(45)
>>> turtle.heading()
337.0

>>> turtle.heading()
22.0
>>> turtle.right(45)
>>> turtle.heading()
337.0

>>> turtle.heading()
22.0
>>> turtle.right(45)
>>> turtle.heading()
337.0

• fun – a function with no arguments

• t – a number >= 0

Install a timer that calls fun after t milliseconds

>>> turtle.position()
(0.00,240.00)
>>> turtle.setx(10)
>>> turtle.position()
(10.00,240.00)

Starts event loop - calling Tkinter’s mainloop function. Must be the last statement in a turtle graphics program. Must not be used if a script is run from within IDLE in -n mode (No subprocess) - for interactive use of turtle graphics

>>> turtle.position()
(0.00,240.00)
>>> turtle.setx(10)
>>> turtle.position()
(10.00,240.00)

Phương thức nhập liệu

• title – string

• prompt – string

Bật lên một cửa sổ hộp thoại để nhập chuỗi. Parameter title is the title of the dialog window, prompt is a text mostly describing what information to input. Return the string input. If the dialog is canceled, return

>>> turtle.position()
(0.00,0.00)
>>> turtle.backward(30)
>>> turtle.position()
(-30.00,0.00)

>>> turtle.position()
(0.00,240.00)
>>> turtle.setx(10)
>>> turtle.position()
(10.00,240.00)

• title – string

• prompt – string

• default – number (optional)

• minval – number (optional)

• maxval – number (optional)

Pop up a dialog window for input of a number. title is the title of the dialog window, prompt is a text mostly describing what numerical information to input. default. default value, minval. minimum value for input, maxval. maximum value for input. The number input must be in the range minval . maxval if these are given. If not, a hint is issued and the dialog remains open for correction. Return the number input. If the dialog is canceled, return

>>> turtle.position()
(0.00,0.00)
>>> turtle.backward(30)
>>> turtle.position()
(-30.00,0.00)

>>> turtle.position()
(0.00,40.00)
>>> turtle.sety(-10)
>>> turtle.position()
(0.00,-10.00)

Cài đặt và phương pháp đặc biệt

mode – one of the strings “standard”, “logo” or “world”

Set turtle mode (“standard”, “logo” or “world”) and perform reset. If mode is not given, current mode is returned

Mode “standard” is compatible with old . Mode “logo” is compatible with most Logo turtle graphics. Chế độ “thế giới” sử dụng “tọa độ thế giới” do người dùng xác định. Attention. in this mode angles appear distorted if

>>> turtle.heading()
22.0
>>> turtle.right(45)
>>> turtle.heading()
337.0

Mode

Initial turtle heading

positive angles

“standard”

to the right (east)

counterclockwise

“logo”

upward (north)

clockwise

>>> turtle.position()
(0.00,40.00)
>>> turtle.sety(-10)
>>> turtle.position()
(0.00,-10.00)

cmode – one of the values 1. 0 or 255

Return the colormode or set it to 1. 0 or 255. Subsequently r, g, b values of color triples have to be in the range 0. *cmode*

>>> turtle.position()
(0.00,40.00)
>>> turtle.sety(-10)
>>> turtle.position()
(0.00,-10.00)

Return the Canvas of this TurtleScreen. Useful for insiders who know what to do with a Tkinter Canvas

>>> turtle.position()
(0.00,40.00)
>>> turtle.sety(-10)
>>> turtle.position()
(0.00,-10.00)

Return a list of names of all currently available turtle shapes

>>> turtle.position()
(0.00,40.00)
>>> turtle.sety(-10)
>>> turtle.position()
(0.00,-10.00)

There are three different ways to call this function

1. name is the name of a gif-file and shape is

   >>> turtle.position()
   (0.00,0.00)
   >>> turtle.backward(30)
   >>> turtle.position()
   (-30.00,0.00)
   

   29. Install the corresponding image shape

   >>> turtle.position()
   (0.00,40.00)
   >>> turtle.sety(-10)
   >>> turtle.position()
   (0.00,-10.00)
   

   5

   Ghi chú

   Image shapes do not rotate when turning the turtle, so they do not display the heading of the turtle

2. name is an arbitrary string and shape is a tuple of pairs of coordinates. Install the corresponding polygon shape

   >>> turtle.position()
   (0.00,40.00)
   >>> turtle.sety(-10)
   >>> turtle.position()
   (0.00,-10.00)
   

   6

3. name is an arbitrary string and shape is a (compound) object. Install the corresponding compound shape

Add a turtle shape to TurtleScreen’s shapelist. Only thusly registered shapes can be used by issuing the command

>>> turtle.heading()
22.0
>>> turtle.right(45)
>>> turtle.heading()
337.0

Return the list of turtles on the screen

>>> turtle.position()
(0.00,40.00)
>>> turtle.sety(-10)
>>> turtle.position()
(0.00,-10.00)

Return the height of the turtle window

>>> turtle.position()
(0.00,40.00)
>>> turtle.sety(-10)
>>> turtle.position()
(0.00,-10.00)

Trả về chiều rộng của cửa sổ con rùa

>>> turtle.position()
(0.00,40.00)
>>> turtle.sety(-10)
>>> turtle.position()
(0.00,-10.00)

Methods specific to Screen, not inherited from TurtleScreen

Shut the turtlegraphics window

Bind

>>> turtle.position()
(0.00,0.00)
>>> turtle.backward(30)
>>> turtle.position()
(-30.00,0.00)

If the value “using_IDLE” in the configuration dictionary is

>>> turtle.position()
(0.00,0.00)
>>> turtle.backward(30)
>>> turtle.position()
(-30.00,0.00)

>>> turtle.heading()
90.0
>>> turtle.position()
(0.00,-10.00)
>>> turtle.home()
>>> turtle.position()
(0.00,0.00)
>>> turtle.heading()
0.0

>>> turtle.position()
(0.00,0.00)
>>> turtle.backward(30)
>>> turtle.position()
(-30.00,0.00)

>>> turtle.heading()
22.0
>>> turtle.right(45)
>>> turtle.heading()
337.0

Set the size and position of the main window. Default values of arguments are stored in the configuration dictionary and can be changed via a

>>> turtle.heading()
22.0
>>> turtle.right(45)
>>> turtle.heading()
337.0

• width – if an integer, a size in pixels, if a float, a fraction of the screen; default is 50% of screen

• height – if an integer, the height in pixels, if a float, a fraction of the screen; default is 75% of screen

• startx – if positive, starting position in pixels from the left edge of the screen, if negative from the right edge, if

  >>> turtle.position()
  (0.00,0.00)
  >>> turtle.backward(30)
  >>> turtle.position()
  (-30.00,0.00)
  

  29, center window horizontally

• starty – if positive, starting position in pixels from the top edge of the screen, if negative from the bottom edge, if

  >>> turtle.position()
  (0.00,0.00)
  >>> turtle.backward(30)
  >>> turtle.position()
  (-30.00,0.00)
  

  29, center window vertically

>>> turtle.setheading(90)
>>> turtle.heading()
90.0

titlestring – a string that is shown in the titlebar of the turtle graphics window

Set title of turtle window to titlestring

>>> turtle.setheading(90)
>>> turtle.heading()
90.0

How to use help

The public methods of the Screen and Turtle classes are documented extensively via docstrings. So these can be used as online-help via the Python help facilities

• When using IDLE, tooltips show the signatures and first lines of the docstrings of typed in function-/method calls

• Calling on methods or functions displays the docstrings

  >>> turtle.setheading(90)
  >>> turtle.heading()
  90.0
  

  3

• The docstrings of the functions which are derived from methods have a modified form

  >>> turtle.setheading(90)
  >>> turtle.heading()
  90.0
  

  4

These modified docstrings are created automatically together with the function definitions that are derived from the methods at import time

Translation of docstrings into different languages

There is a utility to create a dictionary the keys of which are the method names and the values of which are the docstrings of the public methods of the classes Screen and Turtle

filename – a string, used as filename

Create and write docstring-dictionary to a Python script with the given filename. This function has to be called explicitly (it is not used by the turtle graphics classes). The docstring dictionary will be written to the Python script

>>> turtle.heading()
22.0
>>> turtle.right(45)
>>> turtle.heading()
337.0

If you (or your students) want to use with online help in your native language, you have to translate the docstrings and save the resulting file as e. g.

>>> turtle.heading()
22.0
>>> turtle.right(45)
>>> turtle.heading()
337.0

If you have an appropriate entry in your

>>> turtle.heading()
22.0
>>> turtle.right(45)
>>> turtle.heading()
337.0

At the time of this writing there are docstring dictionaries in German and in Italian. (Requests please to glingl @ aon . at. )

How to configure Screen and Turtles

The built-in default configuration mimics the appearance and behaviour of the old turtle module in order to retain best possible compatibility with it

If you want to use a different configuration which better reflects the features of this module or which better fits to your needs, e. g. for use in a classroom, you can prepare a configuration file

>>> turtle.heading()
22.0
>>> turtle.right(45)
>>> turtle.heading()
337.0

The built in configuration would correspond to the following turtle. cfg

>>> turtle.setheading(90)
>>> turtle.heading()
90.0

Short explanation of selected entries

• The first four lines correspond to the arguments of the

  >>> turtle.heading()
  22.0
  >>> turtle.right(45)
  >>> turtle.heading()
  337.0
  

  72 method

• Line 5 and 6 correspond to the arguments of the method

  >>> turtle.heading()
  22.0
  >>> turtle.right(45)
  >>> turtle.heading()
  337.0
  

  73

• shape can be any of the built-in shapes, e. g. arrow, turtle, etc. For more info try

  >>> turtle.heading()
  22.0
  >>> turtle.right(45)
  >>> turtle.heading()
  337.0
  

  74

• If you want to use no fillcolor (i. e. make the turtle transparent), you have to write

  >>> turtle.heading()
  22.0
  >>> turtle.right(45)
  >>> turtle.heading()
  337.0
  

  75 (but all nonempty strings must not have quotes in the cfg-file)

• If you want to reflect the turtle its state, you have to use

  >>> turtle.heading()
  22.0
  >>> turtle.right(45)
  >>> turtle.heading()
  337.0
  

  76

• If you set e. g.

  >>> turtle.heading()
  22.0
  >>> turtle.right(45)
  >>> turtle.heading()
  337.0
  

  77 the docstringdict

  >>> turtle.heading()
  22.0
  >>> turtle.right(45)
  >>> turtle.heading()
  337.0
  

  78 will be loaded at import time (if present on the import path, e. g. in the same directory as )

• The entries exampleturtle and examplescreen define the names of these objects as they occur in the docstrings. The transformation of method-docstrings to function-docstrings will delete these names from the docstrings

• using_IDLE. Set this to

  >>> turtle.position()
  (0.00,0.00)
  >>> turtle.backward(30)
  >>> turtle.position()
  (-30.00,0.00)
  

  46 if you regularly work with IDLE and its

  >>> turtle.heading()
  90.0
  >>> turtle.position()
  (0.00,-10.00)
  >>> turtle.home()
  >>> turtle.position()
  (0.00,0.00)
  >>> turtle.heading()
  0.0
  

  3 switch (“no subprocess”). This will prevent to enter the mainloop

There can be a

>>> turtle.heading()
22.0
>>> turtle.right(45)
>>> turtle.heading()
337.0

The

>>> turtle.heading()
22.0
>>> turtle.right(45)
>>> turtle.heading()
337.0

>>> turtle.heading()
22.0
>>> turtle.right(45)
>>> turtle.heading()
337.0