Which Cabinet member can be described as a close advisor to the president in most administrations?

The secretary of education leads the Department and promotes public understanding of the Department's mission, goals and objectives. The secretary is nominated by the president and confirmed by the Senate. As a member of the president's Cabinet, the secretary is the principal adviser to the president on federal policies, programs and activities related to education in the United States.

The deputy secretary plays a pivotal role in overseeing and managing the development of policies, recommendations and initiatives that help define a broad, coherent vision for achieving the president's education priorities, and the under secretary oversees policies, programs and activities related to postsecondary education, vocational and adult education, and federal student aid. In addition, the secretary appoints an assistant secretary to oversee each of the nine program offices (see list below).

The Office of the General Counsel serves as the principal adviser to the secretary on all legal matters affecting Department programs and activities and represents the secretary, other officers and the Department in court and in some litigation. In addition, OGC provides legal advice and services to the secretary and other Department officials, prepares regulatory documents and legal instruments, drafts legislative proposals, and reviews proposed and pending legislation. The Office of Inspector General promotes the effective and efficient use of taxpayer dollars in support of American education by detecting and preventing fraud, waste and abuse in the administration of Department programs and operations. OIG serves as the principal adviser to the secretary on these matters.

The Office for Civil Rights enforces federal laws that prohibit discrimination on the basis of race, color, national origin, sex, handicap or age in educational programs and activities receiving federal financial assistance. It directs, coordinates and recommends policy for related civil rights activities.

The Office of Communications and Outreach leads the Department in informing the public about and engaging it in the president's and secretary's education agenda and the Department's mission of fostering educational excellence and promoting equal access to education. Audiences are the general public as well specialized publics, such as educators, the media, policymakers, business and community groups, and researchers. The Office of Legislation and Congressional Affairs serves as the Department's liaison to Congress and the secretary's principal adviser on matters concerning the Department's legislative program and congressional relations. And the International Affairs Office works with external partners, for example, other federal agencies, foreign governments and international organizations, as well as internal offices, to coordinate the Department's international programs and initiatives and build a U.S. presence in the international education community.

The Office of Planning, Evaluation and Policy Development serves as the principal adviser to the secretary on all matters relating to policy development and review, strategic planning, program performance measurement and evaluation, and budget processes and proposals. It is home to the Department's Budget Service and Family Policy Compliance Office. It also coordinates the activities of the Office of Educational Technology, which has as its main goal maximizing technology's contributions to improving education nationwide through developing national educational technology policy and implementing it Departmentwide.

The Office of Management, the Office of the Chief Financial Officer, the Office of the Chief Information Officer, and the Risk Management Service are responsible in their respective operational areas for making the Department a high-performing organization.

Four White House education initiatives have their home at the Department so that its senior officers may serve as the liaisons between the executive branch and the constituencies of these initiatives: the White House Initiative on Historically Black Colleges and Universities, the White House Initiative on Tribal Colleges and Universities, the White House Initiative on Educational Excellence for Hispanic Americans, and the White House Initiative on Asian Americans and Pacific Islanders. Also, the Center for Faith-based and Neighborhood Partnerships was established at the Department with the goal of enlisting faith-based and community organizations in support of the Department's mission.

The Department has nine program offices.

1. The Institute of Education Sciences provides national leadership in expanding fundamental knowledge of education and produces rigorous evidence on which to ground education practice and policy. This is accomplished through the work of its four centers: the National Center for Education Research, the National Center for Education Statistics, the National Center for Education Evaluation and Regional Assistance, and the National Center for Special Education Research.
2. The Office of English Language Acquisition, Language Enhancement and Academic Achievement for Limited English Proficient Students administers, coordinates and recommends policy for developing and supporting high-quality instructional programs designed to serve the education needs of linguistically and culturally diverse students, thereby helping these English language learners and immigrants attain English proficiency and academic success.
3. The Office of Elementary and Secondary Education provides leadership, technical assistance and financial support to state and local education agencies for the maintenance and improvement of both public and private preschool, elementary and secondary education. OESE administers programs designed to advance the academic opportunities of the nation's neediest children.
4. The Office of Innovation and Improvement administers and coordinates programs and activities designed to support and test innovations throughout the K-12 system, including a number of teacher quality programs and reforms that expand parental choice of schools for their children and information about best practices. It is also the Department's liaison to the non-public education community.
5. The Office of Postsecondary Education is responsible for formulating federal postsecondary education policy and administering programs that address critical national needs in support of increased access to quality postsecondary education for all students. OPE also promotes the domestic study of foreign languages and international affairs and supports international education research and exchange.
6. The Office of Safe and Drug-Free Schools administers, coordinates and recommends policy for improving programs and activities that promote the health and well-being of students in elementary and secondary schools and institutions of higher education. Such programs and activities comprise drug and violence prevention programs, character and civic education, and a variety of other comprehensive efforts to promote students' physical and mental health.
7. The Office of Special Education and Rehabilitative Services supports programs designed to meet the needs and develop the full potential of children with disabilities, reduce dependency and enhance the productive capabilities of youths and adults with disabilities, and support research to improve the lives of individuals with disabilities, regardless of age.
8. The Office of Federal Student Aid administers the systems and products related to providing tens of billions of dollars annually in federal financial aid to millions of students pursuing postsecondary education and training opportunities. The office provides the information and forms needed to apply for loans, grants and work-study funds, as well as information for students, parents, financial aid administrators, lending institutions, auditors and others in the field. It also leads the U.S. government-wide initiative to deliver Web-based services from government agencies and organizations to postsecondary students (see http://students.gov).
9. The Office of Vocational and Adult Education supports a wide range of programs and activities that provide adults with the basic skills necessary to obtain a high school diploma or the equivalent and support them in their pursuit of postsecondary, career or technical education and lifelong learning.

You can find more information on the Department's website on each of the offices mentioned above. Visit http://www2.ed.gov/about/ offices/list/index.html and select the link for the office in which you are interested.

If you want detailed information on any of the approximately 200 Department programs authorized and funded under federal law, check the Guide to U.S. Department of Education Programs at http://www2.ed.gov/programs/gtep/gtep.pdf. It also includes information on the laboratories, centers and other facilities funded by the Department that provide important resources for education.

For help with any question you may have, check with the Department's Information Resource Center or another of the sources listed at the end of this booklet.

Advisory body to the president of the United States

Cabinet of the United States

Great Seal of the United States

President Joe Biden's Cabinet pictured in July 2021

FormationMarch 4, 1789
(233 years ago) (1789-03-04)Legal statusInferred (Opinion Clause)PurposeAdvisory body to the president of the United StatesLocation

• Cabinet Room, White House, Washington, D.C.

President of the United States

Joe Biden

Membership

24 members (not counting the VP):

• 15 principal officers
• 9 other members

Websitewww.whitehouse.gov

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v t e

The Cabinet of the United States is a body consisting of the vice president of the United States and the heads of the executive branch's departments in the federal government of the United States. It is the principal official advisory body to the president of the United States. The president chairs the meetings but is not formally a member of the Cabinet. The heads of departments, appointed by the president and confirmed by the Senate, are members of the Cabinet, and acting department heads also participate in Cabinet meetings whether or not they have been officially nominated for Senate confirmation. The president may designate heads of other agencies and non-Senate-confirmed members of the Executive Office of the President as members of the Cabinet.

The Cabinet does not have any collective executive powers or functions of its own, and no votes need to be taken. There are 24 members (25 including the vice president): 15 department heads and nine Cabinet-level members, all of whom, except two, had received Senate confirmation. The Cabinet meets with the president in a room adjacent to the Oval Office. The members sit in the order in which their respective department was created, with the earliest being closest to the president and the newest farthest away.[1]

The members of the Cabinet serve at the pleasure of the president, who can dismiss them at any time without the approval of the Senate, as affirmed by the Supreme Court of the United States in Myers v. United States (1926) or downgrade their Cabinet membership status. The president has the authority to organize the Cabinet, such as instituting committees. Like all federal public officials, Cabinet members are also subject to impeachment by the House of Representatives and trial in the Senate for "treason, bribery, or other high crimes and misdemeanors".

The Constitution of the United States does not explicitly establish a Cabinet. The Cabinet's role, inferred from the language of the Opinion Clause (Article II, Section 2, Clause 1) of the Constitution is to provide advice to the president. Additionally, the Twenty-fifth Amendment authorizes the vice president, together with a majority of the heads of the executive departments, to declare the president "unable to discharge the powers and duties of his office". The heads of the executive departments are—if eligible—in the presidential line of succession.

History

James K. Polk and his Cabinet in 1846: the first Cabinet to be photographed.

The tradition of the Cabinet arose out of the debates at the 1787 Constitutional Convention regarding whether the president would exercise executive authority solely or collaboratively with a cabinet of ministers or a privy council. As a result of the debates, the Constitution (Article II, Section 1, Clause 1) vests "all executive power" in the president singly, and authorizes—but does not compel—the president (Article II, Section 2, Clause 1) to "require the Opinion, in writing, of the principal Officer in each of the executive Departments, upon any Subject relating to the Duties of their respective Offices".[2][3] The Constitution does not specify what the executive departments will be, how many there will be, or what their duties will be.

George Washington, the first president of the United States, organized his principal officers into a Cabinet, and it has been part of the executive branch structure ever since. Washington's Cabinet consisted of five members: himself, Secretary of State Thomas Jefferson, Secretary of the Treasury Alexander Hamilton, Secretary of War Henry Knox and Attorney General Edmund Randolph. Vice President John Adams was not included in Washington's Cabinet because the position was initially regarded as a legislative officer (president of the Senate).[4] Furthermore, until there was a vacancy in the presidency (which did not occur until the death of William Henry Harrison in 1841) it was not certain that a vice president would be allowed to serve as president for the duration of the original term as opposed to merely acting as president until new elections could be held. It was not until the 20th century that vice presidents were regularly included as members of the Cabinet and came to be regarded primarily as a member of the executive branch.

Presidents have used Cabinet meetings of selected principal officers but to widely differing extents and for different purposes. During President Abraham Lincoln's administration, Secretary of State William H. Seward advocated the use of a parliamentary-style Cabinet government. However, Lincoln rebuffed Seward. While a professor Woodrow Wilson also advocated a parliamentary-style Cabinet, but after becoming president did not implement it in his administration. In recent administrations, Cabinets have grown to include key White House staff in addition to department and various agency heads. President Ronald Reagan formed seven sub-cabinet councils to review many policy issues, and subsequent presidents have followed that practice.[3]

Federal law

In 3 U.S.C. § 302 with regard to delegation of authority by the president, it is provided that "nothing herein shall be deemed to require express authorization in any case in which such an official would be presumed in law to have acted by authority or direction of the president." This pertains directly to the heads of the executive departments as each of their offices is created and specified by statutory law (hence the presumption) and thus gives them the authority to act for the president within their areas of responsibility without any specific delegation.

Under 5 U.S.C. § 3110 (also known as the 1967 Federal Anti-Nepotism statute), federal officials are prohibited from appointing their immediate family members to certain governmental positions, including those in the Cabinet.[5]

Under the Federal Vacancies Reform Act of 1998, an administration may appoint acting heads of department from employees of the relevant department. These may be existing high-level career employees, from political appointees of the outgoing administration (for new administrations), or sometimes lower-level appointees of the administration.[6]

Confirmation process

A map showing the historical makeup of the Cabinet of the United States by year.

The heads of the executive departments and all other federal agency heads are nominated by the president and then presented to the Senate for confirmation or rejection by a simple majority (although before the use of the "nuclear option" during the 113th United States Congress, they could have been blocked by filibuster, requiring cloture to be invoked by 3⁄5 supermajority to further consideration). If approved, they receive their commission scroll, are sworn in, and begin their duties. When the Senate is not in session, the president can appoint acting heads of the executive departments, and do so at the beginning of their term.

An elected vice president does not require Senate confirmation, nor does the White House chief of staff, which is an appointed staff position of the Executive Office of the President.

Office	Senate confirmation review committee
Secretary of State	Foreign Relations Committee
Secretary of the Treasury	Finance Committee
Secretary of Defense	Armed Services Committee
Attorney General	Judiciary Committee
Secretary of the Interior	Energy and Natural Resources Committee
Secretary of Agriculture	Agriculture, Nutrition, and Forestry Committee
Secretary of Commerce	Commerce, Science, and Transportation Committee
Secretary of Labor	Health, Education, Labor, and Pensions Committee
Secretary of Health and Human Services	Health, Education, Labor, and Pensions Committee (consult) Finance Committee (official)
Secretary of Housing and Urban Development	Banking, Housing, and Urban Affairs Committee
Secretary of Transportation	Commerce, Science, and Transportation Committee
Secretary of Energy	Energy and Natural Resources Committee
Secretary of Education	Health, Education, Labor, and Pensions Committee
Secretary of Veterans Affairs	Veterans Affairs Committee
Secretary of Homeland Security	Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs Committee
Trade Representative	Finance Committee
Director of National Intelligence	Select Committee on Intelligence
Director of the Office of Management and Budget	Budget Committee Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs Committee
Director of the Office of Science and Technology Policy	Commerce, Science, and Transportation Committee
Administrator of the Environmental Protection Agency	Environment and Public Works Committee
Administrator of the Small Business Administration	Small Business and Entrepreneurship Committee

Salary

Main article: Executive Schedule

The heads of the executive departments and most other senior federal officers at cabinet or sub-cabinet level receive their salary under a fixed five-level pay plan known as the Executive Schedule, which is codified in Title 5 of the United States Code. Twenty-one positions, including the heads of the executive departments and others, receiving Level I pay are listed in 5 U.S.C. § 5312, and those forty-six positions on Level II pay (including the number two positions of the executive departments) are listed in 5 U.S.C. § 5313. As of January 2021[update], the Level I annual pay was set at $221,400.[7]

The annual salary of the vice president is $235,300.[7] The salary level was set by the Government Salary Reform Act of 1989, which provides an automatic cost of living adjustment for federal employees. The vice president receives the same pension as other members of Congress based on their ex officio position as the president of the Senate.[8]

Current Cabinet and Cabinet-rank officials

See also: Cabinet of Joe Biden

The individuals listed below were nominated by President Joe Biden to form his Cabinet and were confirmed by the United States Senate on the date noted or are serving as acting department heads by his request, pending the confirmation of his nominees.

Vice president and the heads of the executive departments

See also: United States federal executive departments

The Cabinet permanently includes the vice president and the heads of 15 executive departments, listed here according to their order of succession to the presidency. The speaker of the House and the president pro tempore of the Senate follow the vice president and precede the secretary of state in the order of succession, but both are in the legislative branch and are not part of the Cabinet.

Cabinet

Office (Constituting instrument)	Incumbent	Took office
Vice President (Constitution, Article II, Section I)	Kamala Harris	January 20, 2021
Secretary of State (22 U.S.C. § 2651a)	Antony Blinken	January 26, 2021
Secretary of the Treasury (31 U.S.C. § 301)	Janet Yellen	January 26, 2021
Secretary of Defense (10 U.S.C. § 113)	Lloyd Austin	January 22, 2021
Attorney General (28 U.S.C. § 503)	Merrick Garland	March 11, 2021
Secretary of the Interior (43 U.S.C. § 1451)	Deb Haaland	March 16, 2021
Secretary of Agriculture (7 U.S.C. § 2202)	Tom Vilsack	February 24, 2021
Secretary of Commerce (15 U.S.C. § 1501)	Gina Raimondo	March 3, 2021
Secretary of Labor (29 U.S.C. § 551)	Marty Walsh	March 23, 2021
Secretary of Health and Human Services (Reorganization Plan No. 1 of 1953, 67 Stat. 631 and 42 U.S.C. § 3501)	Xavier Becerra	March 19, 2021
Secretary of Housing and Urban Development (42 U.S.C. § 3532)	Marcia Fudge	March 10, 2021
Secretary of Transportation (49 U.S.C. § 102)	Pete Buttigieg	February 3, 2021
Secretary of Energy (42 U.S.C. § 7131)	Jennifer Granholm	February 25, 2021
Secretary of Education (20 U.S.C. § 3411)	Miguel Cardona	March 2, 2021
Secretary of Veterans Affairs (38 U.S.C. § 303)	Denis McDonough	February 9, 2021
Secretary of Homeland Security (6 U.S.C. § 112)	Alejandro Mayorkas	February 2, 2021

Cabinet-level officials

The president may designate additional positions to be members of the Cabinet, which can vary under each president. They are not in the line of succession and are not necessarily officers of the United States.[9]

Cabinet-level officials

Office	Incumbent	Term began
Administrator of the Environmental Protection Agency (5 U.S.C. § 906, Executive Order 11735)	Michael S. Regan	March 11, 2021
Director of the Office of Management and Budget (31 U.S.C. § 502, Executive Order 11541, Executive Order 11609, Executive Order 11717)	Shalanda Young	March 24, 2021
Director of National Intelligence (50 U.S.C. § 3023)	Avril Haines	January 21, 2021
Trade Representative (19 U.S.C. § 2171)	Katherine Tai	March 18, 2021
Ambassador to the United Nations (22 U.S.C. § 287)	Linda Thomas-Greenfield	February 25, 2021
Chair of the Council of Economic Advisers (15 U.S.C. § 1023)	Cecilia Rouse	March 12, 2021
Administrator of the Small Business Administration (15 U.S.C. § 633)	Isabel Guzman	March 17, 2021
Director of the Office of Science and Technology Policy (42 U.S.C. § 6612)	Arati Prabhakar	October 3, 2022
White House Chief of Staff (Pub.L. 76–19, 53 Stat. 561, enacted April 3, 1939, Executive Order 8248, Executive Order 10452, Executive Order 12608)	Ron Klain	January 20, 2021

Former executive and Cabinet-level departments

• Department of War (1789–1947), headed by the secretary of war: renamed Department of the Army by the National Security Act of 1947.
• Department of the Navy (1798–1949), headed by the secretary of the Navy: became a military department within the Department of Defense.
• Post Office Department (1829–1971), headed by the postmaster general: reorganized as the United States Postal Service, an independent agency.
• National Military Establishment (1947–1949), headed by the secretary of Defense: created by the National Security Act of 1947 and recreated as the Department of Defense in 1949.
• Department of the Army (1947–1949), headed by the secretary of the Army: became a military department within the Department of Defense.
• Department of the Air Force (1947–1949), headed by the secretary of the Air Force: became a military department within the Department of Defense.

Renamed heads of the executive departments

• Secretary of Foreign Affairs: created in July 1781 and renamed Secretary of State in September 1789.[10]
• Secretary of War: created in 1789 and was renamed as Secretary of the Army by the National Security Act of 1947. The 1949 Amendments to the National Security Act of 1947 made the secretary of the Army a subordinate to the secretary of defense.
• Secretary of Commerce and Labor: created in 1903 and renamed Secretary of Commerce in 1913 when its labor functions were transferred to the new secretary of labor.
• Secretary of Health, Education, and Welfare: created in 1953 and renamed Secretary of Health and Human Services in 1979 when its education functions were transferred to the new secretary of education.

Positions intermittently elevated to Cabinet-rank

• Ambassador to the United Nations (1953–1989, 1993–2001, 2009–2018, 2021–present)
• Director of the Office of Management and Budget (1953–1961, 1969–present)
• White House Chief of Staff (1953–1961, 1974–1977, 1993–present)
• Counselor to the President (1969–1977, 1981–1985, 1992–1993): A title used by high-ranking political advisers to the president of the United States and senior members of the Executive Office of the President since the Nixon administration.[11] Incumbents with Cabinet rank included Daniel Patrick Moynihan, Donald Rumsfeld and Anne Armstrong.
• White House Counsel (1974–1977)
• United States Trade Representative (1975–present)
• Chair of the Council of Economic Advisers (1977–1981, 1993–2001, 2009–2017, 2021–present)
• National Security Advisor (1977–1981)
• Director of Central Intelligence (1981–1989, 1995–2001)[12][13][14]
• Administrator of the Environmental Protection Agency (1993–present)
• Director of the Office of National Drug Control Policy (1993–2009)[15][16]
• Administrator of the Small Business Administration (1994–2001, 2012–present)
• Director of the Federal Emergency Management Agency (1996–2001): Created as an independent agency in 1979, raised to Cabinet rank in 1996,[17] and dropped from Cabinet rank in 2001.[18]
• Director of National Intelligence (2017–present)
• Director of the Central Intelligence Agency (2017–2021)
• Director of the Office of Science and Technology Policy (2021–present)

Proposed Cabinet departments

• Department of Industry and Commerce, proposed by Secretary of the Treasury William Windom in a speech given at a Chamber of Commerce dinner in May 1881.[19]
• Department of Natural Resources, proposed by the Eisenhower administration,[20] President Richard Nixon,[21] the 1976 GOP national platform,[22] and by Bill Daley (as a consolidation of the Departments of the Interior and Energy, and the Environmental Protection Agency).[23]
• Department of Peace, proposed by Senator Matthew Neely in the 1930s, Congressman Dennis Kucinich, 2020 presidential candidate Marianne Williamson, and other members of the U.S. Congress.[24][25]
• Department of Social Welfare, proposed by President Franklin Roosevelt in January 1937.[26]
• Department of Public Works, proposed by President Franklin Roosevelt in January 1937.[26]
• Department of Conservation (renamed Department of Interior), proposed by President Franklin Roosevelt in January 1937.[26]
• Department of Urban Affairs and Housing, proposed by President John F. Kennedy.[27]
• Department of Business and Labor, proposed by President Lyndon Johnson.[28]
• Department of Community Development, proposed by President Richard Nixon; to be chiefly concerned with rural infrastructure development.[21][29]
• Department of Human Resources, proposed by President Richard Nixon; essentially a revised Department of Health, Education, and Welfare.[21]
• Department of Economic Affairs, proposed by President Richard Nixon; essentially a consolidation of the Departments of Commerce, Labor, and Agriculture.[30]
• Department of Environmental Protection, proposed by Senator Arlen Specter and others.[31]
• Department of Intelligence, proposed by former Director of National Intelligence Mike McConnell.[32]
• Department of Global Development, proposed by the Center for Global Development.[33]
• Department of Art, proposed by Quincy Jones.[34]
• Department of Business, proposed by President Barack Obama as a consolidation of the U.S. Department of Commerce's core business and trade functions, the Small Business Administration, the Office of the U.S. Trade Representative, the Export-Import Bank, the Overseas Private Investment Corporation, and the U.S. Trade and Development Agency.[35][36]
• Department of Education and the Workforce, proposed by President Donald Trump as a consolidation of the Departments of Education and Labor.[37]
• Department of Health and Public Welfare, proposed by President Donald Trump as a renamed Department of Health and Human Services.[38]
• Department of Economic Development, proposed by Senator Elizabeth Warren to replace the Commerce Department, subsume other agencies like the Small Business Administration and the Patent and Trademark Office, and include research and development programs, worker training programs, and export and trade authorities like the Office of the U.S. Trade Representative with the single goal of creating and protecting American jobs.[39]
• Department of Technology, proposed by businessman and 2020 Democratic presidential candidate Andrew Yang.[40]
• Department of Culture, patterned on similar departments in many foreign nations, proposed by, among others, Murray Moss[41] and Jeva Lange.[42]

See also

• Black Cabinet
• Brain trust
• Cabinet of Joe Biden
• Cabinet of the Confederate States of America
• Kitchen Cabinet
• List of African-American United States Cabinet members
• List of Hispanic and Latino American United States Cabinet members
• List of female United States Cabinet members
• List of foreign-born United States Cabinet members
• List of people who have held multiple United States Cabinet-level positions
• List of United States Cabinet members who have served more than eight years
• List of United States political appointments that crossed party lines
• St. Wapniacl (historical mnemonic acronym)
• Unsuccessful nominations to the Cabinet of the United States

References

1. ^ "Cabinet Room—White House Museum". www.whitehousemuseum.org. Retrieved March 17, 2021.
2. ^ Prakash, Sai. "Essays on Article II:Executive Vesting Clause". The Heritage Guide to The Constitution. The Heritage Foundation. Archived from the original on July 1, 2018. Retrieved July 3, 2018.
3. ^ a b Gaziano, Todd. "Essays on Article II: Opinion Clause". The Heritage Guide to The Constitution. The Heritage Foundation. Archived from the original on July 1, 2018. Retrieved July 3, 2018.
4. ^ "John Adams · George Washington's Mount Vernon". Archived from the original on May 17, 2018. Retrieved May 17, 2018.
5. ^ Wulwick, Richard P.; Macchiarola, Frank J. (1995). "Congressional Interference With The President's Power To Appoint" (PDF). Stetson Law Review. XXIV: 625–652. Archived (PDF) from the original on November 16, 2016. Retrieved November 15, 2016.
6. ^ Pierce, Olga (January 22, 2009). "Who Runs Departments Before Heads Are Confirmed?". ProPublica. Archived from the original on February 2, 2017. Retrieved January 20, 2017.
7. ^ a b Obama, Barack (December 19, 2014). "Adjustments of Certain Rates of Pay" (PDF). Executive Order 13686. The White House. Archived (PDF) from the original on February 1, 2017. Retrieved September 18, 2015.
8. ^ Purcell, Patrick J. (January 21, 2005). "Retirement Benefits for Members of Congress" (PDF). CRS Report for Congress. Congressional Research Service. Archived (PDF) from the original on January 3, 2018. Retrieved February 19, 2017.
9. ^ The White House. "The Cabinet". Retrieved February 6, 2021.
10. ^ The office of Secretary of Foreign Affairs existed under the Articles of Confederation from October 20, 1781, to March 3, 1789, the day before the Constitution came into force.
11. ^ "Clayton Yeutter's Obituary". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on December 31, 2018.
12. ^ Tenet, George (2007). At the Center of the Storm. London: HarperCollins. p. 136. ISBN 978-0-06-114778-4. Under President Clinton, I was a Cabinet member—a legacy of John Deutch's requirement when he took the job as DCI—but my contacts with the president, while always interesting, were sporadic. I could see him as often as I wanted but was not on a regular schedule. Under President Bush, the DCI lost its Cabinet-level status.
13. ^ Schoenfeld, Gabriel (July–August 2007). "The CIA Follies (Cont'd.)". Commentary. Retrieved May 22, 2009. Though he was to lose the Cabinet rank he had enjoyed under Clinton, he came to enjoy "extraordinary access" to the new President, who made it plain that he wanted to be briefed every day.[permanent dead link]
14. ^ Sciolino, Elaine (September 29, 1996). "C.I.A. Chief Charts His Own Course". New York Times. Archived from the original on May 30, 2013. Retrieved May 22, 2009. It is no secret that Mr. Deutch initially turned down the intelligence position, and was rewarded for taking it by getting Cabinet rank.
15. ^ Clinton, Bill (July 1, 1993). "Remarks by the President and Lee Brown, Director of Office of National Drug Control Policy". White House. Archived from the original on July 21, 2011. Retrieved May 22, 2009. We are here today to install a uniquely qualified person to lead our nation's effort in the fight against illegal drugs and what they do to our children, to our streets, and to our communities. And to do it for the first time from a position sitting in the President's Cabinet.
16. ^ Cook, Dave (March 11, 2009). "New drug czar gets lower rank, promise of higher visibility". Christian Science Monitor. Archived from the original on March 15, 2009. Retrieved March 16, 2009. For one thing, in the Obama administration the Drug Czar will not have Cabinet status, as the job did during George W. Bush's administration.
17. ^ "President Clinton Raises FEMA Director to Cabinet Status" (Press release). Federal Emergency Management Agency. February 26, 1996. Archived from the original on January 16, 1997. Retrieved May 22, 2009.
18. ^ Fowler, Daniel (November 19, 2008). "Emergency Managers Make It Official: They Want FEMA Out of DHS". CQ Politics. Archived from the original on November 29, 2008. Retrieved March 3, 2010. During the Clinton administration, FEMA Administrator James Lee Witt met with the Cabinet. His successor in the Bush administration, Joe M. Allbaugh, did not.(Archived March 3, 2010, by WebCite at
19. ^ "A Department of Commerce". The New York Times. May 13, 1881.
20. ^ Improving Management and Organization in Federal Natural Resources and Environmental Functions: Hearing Before the Committee on Governmental Affairs, U. S. Senate. Diane Publishing. April 1, 1998. ISBN 9780788148743. Archived from the original on January 14, 2019. Retrieved February 20, 2017 – via Google Books. Chairman Stevens. Thank you very much. I think both of you are really pointing in the same direction as this Committee. I do hope we can keep it on a bipartisan basis. Mr. Dean, when I was at the Interior Department, I drafted Eisenhower's Department of Natural Resources proposal, and we have had a series of them that have been presented.
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Further reading

• Bennett, Anthony. The American President's Cabinet. Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire: Macmillan, 1996. ISBN 0-333-60691-4. A study of the U.S. Cabinet from Kennedy to Clinton.
• Grossman, Mark. Encyclopedia of the United States Cabinet (Santa Barbara, California: ABC-CLIO; three volumes, 2000; reprint, New York: Greyhouse Publishing; two volumes, 2010). A history of the United States and Confederate States Cabinets, their secretaries, and their departments.
• Rudalevige, Andrew. "The President and the Cabinet", in Michael Nelson, ed., The Presidency and the Political System, 8th ed. (Washington, D.C.: CQ Press, 2006).

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to United States Cabinet.

• Official site of the President's Cabinet
• U.S. Senate's list of Cabinet members who did not attend the State of the Union Address (since 1984)

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